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Disease has been a part of the human condition since the beginning of recorded history – and no doubt earlier – decimating populations and causing widespread social upheaval. Among the worst infections recorded is the plague which is fairly...

In the aftermath of the failure of the Second Crusade (1147-1149 CE), which only managed to bring Damascus under Nur ad-Din's (sometimes also given as Nur al-Din, l. 1118-1174 CE) dominion, Egypt acquired top priority – both from a strategic...

The Norman Conquest entirely changed the history of England from 1066 CE onwards. After Harold II's defeat and death at the Battle of Hastings in 1066 CE, William the Conqueror was made the new king, the Norman elite completely replaced the...

In 1000 CE, Europeans had a limited but expanding awareness of the wider world, shaped by trade, exploration, and religious contacts. The Vikings had pushed westward, reaching Greenland and Vinland (North America). At the same time, merchants...

Map of the Roman Empire at its maximum extent in 117 CE, under the rule of Trajan.

A depiction of the Ottoman Empire and its dependencies in 1683 CE, with an indication of territory held prior to that date.

A map of Japan during the Azuchi-Momoyama period (1568-1600 CE).

Map of the Holy Roman Empire depicting its boundaries under the rule of Otto I in 972 CE and Conrad II in 1032 CE.

This map shows the division of the Roman Empire into the Western Roman Empire and the Eastern Roman Empire, circa 395 CE under the reign of Emperor Theodosius I.

A map of the Mali Empire (1240-1645 CE) at its peak c. 1337 CE after the reign of Mansa Musa (1312-1337 CE).