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The disintegration of the Western Roman Empire unfolded gradually during the Migration Period (c. 400–800 CE), as waves of migrating and invading peoples reshaped Europe. After the death of Theodosius I (reign 379–395 CE), the last emperor...

A depiction of the Ottoman Empire and its dependencies in 1683 CE, with an indication of territory held prior to that date.

This map illustrates the rise and expansion of the Timurid Empire (1370–1405) under Timur (Tamerlane), a conqueror of Turco-Mongol descent whose military campaigns reshaped the political landscape of 14th-century Eurasia. Born in 1336 near...

Map showing the spread of Christianity, showing both strongly Christianized areas before 325 CE and generally Christianized areas until 600 CE. The map also shows major Christian centers and the cities in which Christian councils were held.

A map of Japan during the Azuchi-Momoyama period (1568-1600 CE).

The Roman incorporation of Gaul began with the campaigns of Julius Caesar (58–51 BCE) and resulted in the gradual transformation of a diverse Celtic region into an integral part of the Roman world. By c. 200 CE, Gaul was organized into a...

The rise of the Huns in the 5th century CE reshaped the political landscape of Late Antiquity, culminating under Attila the Hun (reign 434-453 CE). Emerging from the Eurasian steppe, the Huns did not form a centralized territorial state in...

Map of Kievan Rus territories during the feudal split, after the death of Prince Yaroslav the Wise in 1054 CE.

Map of the Holy Roman Empire depicting its boundaries under the rule of Otto I in 972 CE and Conrad II in 1032 CE.

This infographic illustrates the succession of Roman emperors from 96 to 180 CE, commonly referred to as the Five Good Emperors - Nerva, Trajan, Hadrian, Antoninus Pius, and Marcus Aurelius. This term, unknown to the Romans themselves, was...