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The disintegration of the Western Roman Empire unfolded gradually during the Migration Period (c. 400–800 CE), as waves of migrating and invading peoples reshaped Europe. After the death of Theodosius I (reign 379–395 CE), the last emperor...

The Sasanian Empire (224–651 CE), known in Middle Persian sources as Ērānshahr (“Realm of the Iranians”), emerged as the final pre-Islamic Persian imperial state and a major power of Late Antiquity. Founded by Ardashir I (reign 224–242 CE...

Via Egnatia was a major Roman road in the Balkans, stretching 1,120 kilometers (696 miles) from the Adriatic Sea in the west to the Black Sea and the Sea of Marmara in the east. The western terminus is slightly uncertain, often marked in...

A depiction of the Ottoman Empire and its dependencies in 1683 CE, with an indication of territory held prior to that date.

This map illustrates the rise and expansion of the Timurid Empire (1370–1405) under Timur (Tamerlane), a conqueror of Turco-Mongol descent whose military campaigns reshaped the political landscape of 14th-century Eurasia. Born in 1336 near...

Map showing the spread of Christianity, showing both strongly Christianized areas before 325 CE and generally Christianized areas until 600 CE. The map also shows major Christian centers and the cities in which Christian councils were held.

The Roman incorporation of Gaul began with the campaigns of Julius Caesar (58–51 BCE) and resulted in the gradual transformation of a diverse Celtic region into an integral part of the Roman world. By c. 200 CE, Gaul was organized into a...

A map of the Roman Empire and Europe in 125 CE, at the time of Roman emperor Hadrian. "Barbarian" names and locations are given as found in the works of Tacitus (written c. 100 CE).

This infographic illustrates the succession of Roman emperors from 96 to 180 CE, commonly referred to as the Five Good Emperors - Nerva, Trajan, Hadrian, Antoninus Pius, and Marcus Aurelius. This term, unknown to the Romans themselves, was...

A map of the Mali Empire (1240-1645 CE) at its peak c. 1337 CE after the reign of Mansa Musa (1312-1337 CE).