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This map shows conquests made by emperors of the Gupta dynasty in the 4th century CE and early 5th century CE. Of these three rulers—Chandragupta I (320 – 335 CE), Samudragupta (c. 335 – 375 CE) and Chandragupta II (c. 380 – 414 CE)—Samudragupta’s...

Map showing England around 910 CE, showing among others the Viking territories under the Danelaw as well as the English kingdoms of Mercia (at this point in time ruled by Aethelred, Lord of the Mercians (r. 881-911 CE) and Wessex.

Roman rule in Britain developed between 43 and 410 CE, reshaping the island from a mosaic of tribal societies into a province integrated into the political, economic, and cultural structures of the Roman Empire. Although Julius Caesar’s expeditions...

This map illustrates the geopolitical landscape of Asia Minor during the reign of Emperor Septimius Severus (193–211 CE), around the year 200 CE. By this time, the peninsula (modern-day Turkey) had been under Roman rule for more than two...

This is a political map of India showing the important kingdoms that existed around 590 CE after the disintegration of the Gupta Empire (3rd century CE to 6th century CE). The main players appear to be the Chalukyas in the south and the...

Around 1000 CE, European knowledge of the wider world was limited, uneven, yet slowly expanding, shaped less by direct exploration than by inherited classical learning, religious frameworks, and selective contact through trade and pilgrimage...

The Roman provinces in Hispania (206 BCE–c. 474 CE) illustrate both the persistence of Roman expansion and the durability of imperial rule. The conquest began in the Second Punic War, when Rome displaced Carthage in 206 BCE, and unfolded...

The Crisis of the Third Century (235–284 CE) began with the assassination of Emperor Severus Alexander (reign 222–235 CE) in 235 CE, triggering the collapse of centralized imperial authority. Over the next five decades, Roman power fractured...

An illustration of the typical clothing worn in 13th century CE England. ('Costumes of all Nations', 1882 CE)

The reign of Septimius Severus (193–211 CE) marked a decisive turning point in the late Roman Empire, characterized by military strength, dynastic ambition, and increasing centralization of imperial authority. Rising to power amid the chaos...