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A map illustrating Roman rule in the Balkans around 200 CE, characterized by significant administrative, military, and cultural integration into the Empire. The region was divided into several provinces (Moesia Superior, Moesia Inferior...

A map depicting the divisions of the Islamic Empire during the second Islamic civil war - the Second Fitna. The dominions of the Umayyads, Zubayrids, Kharjites, Al Mukhtar and those regained by the Byzantines are shaded in colors as indicated...

Map showing the Umayyad Arab (Islamic) expansion throughout the 7th and 8th centuries CE. In dark green is depicted the extent of Islam up until the death of Mohammed (622-632 CE); in the intermediate green is shown the conquests of Rashidun...

Map of the Kingdom of Kush (c. 2400 BCE - 350 CE), showing the location of major cities, Kushite pyramids, and trade routes in what is now modern Sudan. Kush's close proximity to Egypt saw trade and cultural exchange as early as 2400 BCE...

An illustration of the typical clothing worn in 14th century CE England. ('Costumes of all Nations', 1882 CE)

A map of the Mali Empire (1240-1645 CE) at its peak c. 1337 CE after the reign of Mansa Musa (1312-1337 CE).

Hadrian’s Wall was constructed from c. 122 CE onward during the reign of Emperor Hadrian (reign 117–138 CE) as part of a broader imperial strategy to consolidate, rather than endlessly expand, Roman power. Running 73 miles (118 km) across...

The Bosporan Kingdom (c. 480 BCE–341 CE) emerged around the Cimmerian Bosporus (modern Kerch Strait) as a hybrid Greco-local state founded by Greek colonists from cities such as Miletus. Rather than a single unified polity in the modern sense...

This map illustrates the Roman province of Asia around 200 CE. Established in 129 BCE following the bequest of the Attalid Kingdom of Pergamon to Rome, it encompassed western Anatolia (modern-day Turkey). It was a wealthy and vibrant region...

An illustration of a Flemish printer's shop, Impressio Librorum. Made in Antwerp, 1580-1605 CE. (British Museum, London)