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A map depicting the divisions of the Islamic Empire during the second Islamic civil war - the Second Fitna. The dominions of the Umayyads, Zubayrids, Kharjites, Al Mukhtar and those regained by the Byzantines are shaded in colors as indicated...

The Mongol Scroll, aka the 'Illustrated Account of the Mongol Invasion of Japan.' Commissioned by Takezaki Suenaga, a samurai warrior who fought during the Mongol invasions of Japan in 1274 and 1281 CE, the painted scroll was produced in...

Paul the Apostle undertook multiple journeys across the Roman Empire to spread his teachings, establish communities, and support early Christian groups. Paul's journey to Rome, undertaken as a prisoner appealing his case to the Roman emperor...

This map illustrates the geographic spread of Jewish communities and synagogues across the Roman and Parthian worlds during the 1st and 2nd centuries CE. It highlights the development of Jewish life in the Diaspora following centuries of...

The territorial organization of the Roman Empire at the close of the Flavian dynasty (69–96 CE) reflects a period of consolidation following the political crisis that ended the Julio-Claudian line. After the turmoil of the Year of the Four...

The Bosporan Kingdom (c. 480 BCE–341 CE) emerged around the Cimmerian Bosporus (modern Kerch Strait) as a hybrid Greco-local state founded by Greek colonists from cities such as Miletus. Rather than a single unified polity in the modern sense...

During the reign of Emperor Hadrian (reigned 117–138 CE), urban patronage became a central tool of imperial governance and representation. Unlike his predecessor Trajan, whose rule emphasized territorial expansion, Hadrian focused on consolidation...

The oldest known English roll of arms, dating to c. 1244 CE. It is a single sheet painted on both sides by Mathew Paris and showing 75 coats of arms starting with the king’s. (British Library, London)

A map indicating the territories controlled by the Teutonic Knights military order and their Crusades against pagan Europeans in the 13th and 14th century CE.

Map of Asia Minor in the early 1st century CE with the Kingdom of Commagene as a Roman client state.