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Battle of Aspern-Essling
Article by Harrison W. Mark

Battle of Aspern-Essling

The Battle of Aspern-Essling (21-22 May 1809) was a major battle of the Napoleonic Wars (1803-1815). It saw an Austrian army under Archduke Charles defeat a French army led by Emperor Napoleon I (r. 1804-1814; 1815) as it attempted to cross...
English Civil Wars
Definition by Mark Cartwright

English Civil Wars

The English Civil Wars (1642-1651) witnessed a bitter conflict between Royalists ('Cavaliers') and Parliamentarians ('Roundheads'). The Royalists supported first King Charles I of England (r. 1625-1649) and then his son Charles II, while...
War of the Fifth Coalition
Definition by Harrison W. Mark

War of the Fifth Coalition

The War of the Fifth Coalition (1809) was a major conflict of the Napoleonic Wars (1803-1815) that was fought primarily in Central Europe between the First French Empire and its client states against the Austrian Empire, supported by the...
Charles A. Eastman on Crazy Horse
Article by Joshua J. Mark

Charles A. Eastman on Crazy Horse

Charles A. Eastman's biography of Crazy Horse (l. c. 1840-1877) is among the most significant sources on the great Sioux war chief, as Eastman drew on accounts of those who had known and fought alongside him in writing it. The work differs...
Causes of the Hundred Years' War
Article by Mark Cartwright

Causes of the Hundred Years' War

The Hundred Years' War (1337-1453) was an intermittent conflict fought between England and France that started when king Edward III of England (r. 1327-1377) squabbled with Philip VI of France (r. 1328-1350) over feudal rights concerning...
Charles A. Eastman on Sitting Bull
Article by Joshua J. Mark

Charles A. Eastman on Sitting Bull

In his Indian Heroes and Great Chieftains (1916), Sioux author and physician Charles A. Eastman (also known as Ohiyesa, l. 1858-1939), includes a brief biography of the Sioux chief Sitting Bull (l. c. 1837-1890). While some of Eastman's claims...
Joan of Arc
Definition by Joshua J. Mark

Joan of Arc

Joan of Arc (Jeanne D'Arc, l. c. 1412-1431 CE) was a medieval peasant who, claiming to receive visions from God, turned the tide of the Hundred Years' War in favor of a French victory. She was famously martyrd for standing by her claim of...
Augsburg Confession
Definition by Joshua J. Mark

Augsburg Confession

The Augsburg Confession is the affirmation of faith of the Lutheran Church written by Philip Melanchthon (l. 1497-1560) and presented at the Diet of Augsburg in June 1530. The document attempted to reconcile differences between the Lutherans...
Oliver Cromwell
Definition by Mark Cartwright

Oliver Cromwell

Oliver Cromwell (1599-1658) was an accomplished cavalry commander, then head of Parliament's New Model Army, and finally Lord Protector of England, Scotland, and Ireland. The latter title was awarded to Cromwell for life after the bloody...
Grand Remonstrance
Definition by Mark Cartwright

Grand Remonstrance

The Grand Remonstrance of 1641 was a list of grievances issued by Parliament against King Charles I of England (r. 1625-1649). It recorded what Parliament saw as the monarch's abuse of power, his illegal raising of taxes outside Parliament...
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