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Charles I Insulted by Cromwell's Soldiers
A 19th-century painting by Paul Delaroche titled "Charles I Insulted by Cromwell's Soldiers". Charles I of England (r. 1625-1649) was handed over to the Parliamentarians led by Oliver Cromwell (1599-1658) in 1648 during the English Civil...

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Marguerite de Navarre
Marguerite de Navarre (l. 1492-1549) was a writer, philosopher, diplomat, and Queen of Navarre, sister of King Francois I (Francis I of France, r. 1515-1547), mother of Jeanne d’Albret (l. 1528-1572) and grandmother of Henry IV of France...

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Gustavus Adolphus
Gustavus Adolphus (l. 1594-1632; r. 1611-1632) was the King of Sweden who elevated his country to a major power in the 17th century. He also is traditionally recognized as the "Father of Modern Warfare" for his military innovations and his...

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Attempted Arrest of Five MPs by Charles I
A 19th century painting showing the attempted arrest of five Members of Parliament by Charles I of England (r. 1625-1649) in January 1642. Painting by Charles West Cope (House of Parliament, London)

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France During the Reign of Charles the Simple
A map indicating in red the territory controlled by Charles the Simple, aka Charles III of West Francia (r. 893-923 CE)

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Charles Vane
An illustration of the English pirate Charles Vane, active in the Caribbean and off the east coast of North America in the Golden Age of Piracy. Vane was tried and hanged in Jamaica in 1720. (From an early edition of A General History of...

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Charles II and the English Restoration (The Stuarts: Part Three)
http://www.tomrichey.net/euro Soon after the death of Oliver Cromwell, the Commonwealth government collapsed and Charles II, the son of the executed Charles I, was invited to return to England and restore the monarchy. Charles II, known...

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Henry V of England
Henry V of England ruled as king from 1413 to 1422. Succeeding his father Henry IV of England (r. 1399-1413), Prince Henry established himself as a fine military leader in battles against English and Welsh rebels in the first decade of the...

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The Execution of Charles I
A c. 1649 painting showing the execution of Charles I of England (r. 1625-1649) in London on 30 January 1649. By Jan Weesop. (Scottish National Gallery, Edinburgh)

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William Harvey & Charles I
A painting showing William Harvey (1578-1657) demonstrating to King Charles I of England (r. 1625-1649) his theory of the circulatory system.