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Relief of Mut, Deir e-Hagar
Detail of Mut on a larger relief depicting the goddess alongside Khonsu and Amun making offerings to the Roman Emperor. Temple of Deir el-Hagar, Dakhla Oasis. 1st Century CE, Roman era.

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Al-Masjid an-Nabawi, Medina
A photo of the Al-Masjid an-Nabawi in Medina, with the Green Dome visible on the right.

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View of Medina, c. 1880 CE
A photograph of the Islamic holy city of Medina, taken from the north-side by Colonel Muhammad Sadiq Bey on his second visit in c. 1880 CE. The Masjid al-Nabwi (or The Mosque of the Prophet Muhammad (c. 570 - 632 CE)) and the tomb of the...

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The Bal'am Text from Deir Alla
This is a detail of the so-called "Bal'am Text" (also Balaam Inscription) which was discovered in 1967 CE at Tell Deir Alla, in modern-day Balqa Governorate, Jordan. It was written in around 800 BCE. It was written in black and red ink on...

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Hatshepsut
Hatshepsut (r. 1479-1458 BCE) was the first female ruler of ancient Egypt to reign as a male with the full authority of pharaoh. Her name means "Foremost of Noble Women" or "She is First Among Noble Women". She began her reign as regent to...

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Bes
Bes is the ancient Egyptian god of childbirth, fertility, sexuality, humor, and war, but served primarily as a protector god of pregnant women and children. He is regularly depicted as a dwarf with large ears, long-haired and bearded, with...

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Ali ibn Abi Talib
Ali ibn Abi Talib, or simply Ali, (l. 601-661 CE) was among the first Muslims, a cousin and son-in-law of the Islamic Prophet Muhammad (l. 570-632 CE), and later reigned as the fourth Caliph of Islam from 656 CE to 661 CE, when he was murdered...

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Ancient Egyptian Architecture
Ancient Egyptian architecture is often associated closely with the pyramids of Giza but was actually quite diverse, taking a number of forms in the construction of administrative buildings, temples, tombs, palaces, and the private homes of...

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Abu Bakr
Abu Bakr (l. 573-634 CE, r. 632-634 CE) was an early convert of Islam; he was a close friend and confidant of the Islamic Prophet Muhammad, and became the first caliph of the Islamic empire – a successor to Muhammad's temporal position but...

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Early Muslim Conquests (622-656 CE)
Islam arose as a religious and socio-political force in Arabia in the 7th century CE (610 CE onwards). The Islamic Prophet Muhammad (l. 570-632 CE), despite facing resistance and persecution, amassed a huge following and started building...