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Mystras in southern Greece was the provincial capital of the Byzantine Despotate of the Morea from the 13th through the 15th centuries CE. It was primarily known for its churches, which, with the exception of the occasional added belfry...

Byzantine castle of Mystras, Greece. Mystras was the capital of the Despotate of the Morea. The castle was built by William II of Villehardouin, Prince of Achaea (r. 1246-1278 CE).

The city of Mystras (or Mistras) in Southern Greece was the provincial capital of the Byzantine Despotate of the Morea from the 13th through the 15th centuries CE.

Mehmed II (1432-1481 CE), also known as Mehmed the Conqueror, was the seventh and among the greatest sultans of the Ottoman Empire. His conquests consolidated Ottoman rule in Anatolia and the Balkans, and he most famously triumphed in conquering...

The Knights Hospitaller was a medieval Catholic military order founded in 1113 CE with the full name of 'Knights of the Order of the Hospital of Saint John of Jerusalem'. After their base was relocated to Rhodes in the early 14th century...

The Empire of Trebizond was an offshoot of the Byzantine Empire that existed from 1204 to 1461 CE, ruled by the Megas Komnenos Dynasty, descendants of the Komnenos Byzantine emperors. The Empire of Trebizond has been far less researched than...

The Duchy of Athens was a Latin or Frankish state in Greece that existed from 1205 to 1458 CE. It was created in the aftermath of the Fourth Crusade (1202-1204 CE) and would be ruled for the majority of its history by the Burgundian de la...

Pepper has long been the king of spices and for almost 2,000 years dominated world trade. Originating in India, it was known in Greece by the 4th century BCE and was an integral part of the Roman diet by 30 BCE. It remained a force in Europe...

Constantine XI Palaiologos, the Despot of the Morea (r. 1443-1449 CE) and the last Byzantine emperor (r. 1449-1453 CE) History of John Zonaras, Mutinensis gr.122, f.294r, Biblioteca Estense Universitaria, Modena

Andronikos III Palaiologos, Byzantine Emperor (r. 1328-1341 CE). 14th-century CE miniature. Stuttgart, Württembergische Landesbibliothek.