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Citadel of Mycenae
The view to the south from the upper citadel of Mycenae looking towards Argos (1350 BCE).
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Acropolis of Argos
The Hill of Larissa, site of the ancient acropolis of Argos (6th to 5th century BCE). Visible today are the fortifications of the 10th century CE which incorporated some of the ancient polygonal walls, particularly on the north side.
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Tiryns
Tiryns was a major Mycenaean centre, the magnificent walled fortifications visible today date from the 13th century BCE. The large size of the stones of the walls led the ancient Greeks to believe they were the work of the Cyclopes.
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Akrokorinth
Akrokorinth as seen from the second gate
Fortifications dating back to classical times and used continually down to the Venetians
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Greek Fortifications
An artist's impression of how the fortifications of a Hellenistic period city such as Syracuse may have looked like.
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Roman Walls of Lugo (UNESCO/NHK)
The walls of Lugo in northern Spain were built in the later part of the 3rd century A.D. to defend the Roman town of Lucus. The entire circuit survives intact and is the finest example of late Roman fortifications in western Europe. Source...
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Frontiers of the Roman Empire (UNESCO/NHK)
The 'Roman Limes' represents the border line of the Roman Empire at its greatest extent in the 2nd century AD. It stretched over 5,000 km from the Atlantic coast of northern Britain, through Europe to the Black Sea, and from there to the...
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Byzantine Empire
The Byzantine Empire existed from 330 to 1453. It is often called the Eastern Roman Empire or simply Byzantium. The Byzantine capital was founded at Constantinople by Constantine I (r. 306-337). The Byzantine Empire varied in size over the...
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Mansa Musa I
Mansa Musa I was the ruler of the Mali Empire in West Africa from 1312 to 1337. Controlling territories rich in gold and copper, and monopolising trade between the north and interior of the continent, Mali grew extremely wealthy. Mansa Musa...
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Etruscan Civilization
The Etruscan civilization flourished in central Italy between the 8th and 3rd century BCE. The culture was renowned in antiquity for its rich mineral resources and as a major Mediterranean trading power. Much of its culture and even history...
