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Social, Political & Economic Landscapes in Kautilya's Arthashastra
The Arthashastra (or Arthaśāstra) is one of the oldest surviving treatises on statecraft. There is considerable debate about the dating and authorship of the text; it underwent compilation, recension, and redaction several times over the...

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North Africa During the Classical Period
Phoenician traders arrived on the North African coast around 900 B.C. and established Carthage (in present-day Tunisia) around 800 B.C. By the sixth century B.C., a Phoenician presence existed at Tipasa (east of Cherchell in Algeria). From...

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Goddess Kubaba
This image shows two objects: The free-standing basalt stele depicts the goddess Kubaba, consort of the storm god Teshub, and one of the most important deities at the city of Carchemish. Kubaba stands below a winged-disc and holds a pomegranate...

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Tomb Relief of Amenhotep III
This limestone relief of the Egyptian pharaoh Amenhotep III (c. 1386-1353 BCE) came from the Tomb (TT57) of Khaemhat at Western Thebes (in modern-day Sheikh Abd el-Qurna), Egypt. Amenhotep III was depicted in profile, looking to the right...

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Lamp From Diopolis Parva
This is a redware pottery lamp which was done in the form of a granary with a separate door. It has a red slip on the door and around. From Diopolis Parva, Egypt. 2nd Intermediate Period, 1650-1550 BCE. The Petrie Museum of Egyptian Archaeology...

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Hittite Basalt Stela Showing Goddess Kubaba
The upper part is a freestanding basalt monument depicting the goddess Kubaba, consort of the storm god Teshub, and one of the most important deities at Carchemish. She holds a mirror and pomegranate, symbols of magic and fertility. Neo-Hittite...

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Housesteads Roman Fort, Granaries
The north granary of Housesteads Roman Fort (Vercovicium). All Roman forts had granaries (horrea) to store sufficient supplies for the garrison and for soldiers out on campaign. The granaries of Housesteads Roman Fort are the most substantial...

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Harappan Cities
The most striking feature of the Harappan cities is their town planning. The Harappan city was divided into the upper town (also called the Citadel) and the lower town. The various features of the Harappan town planning is given below: Granaries...