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Illustration of Charles the Bald, Holy Roman Emperor
Image by G.W. Hutin

Illustration of Charles the Bald, Holy Roman Emperor

Illustration of an enthroned Charles the Bald, Holy Roman Emperor (r. 875-877 CE), King of West Francia (r. 843–877) and Italy (r. 875–877). Copied by G.W. Hutin, 1821, from a 9th-century manuscript of the Gospels. The British Museum, London...
Boniface cuts down holy oak of 'Jupiter' or Donar
Image by Reinier Vinkeles, Christian Bernhard Rode

Boniface cuts down holy oak of 'Jupiter' or Donar

Boniface cuts down holy oak of 'Jupiter' or Donar.
Illustration of Lothar I, Holy Roman Emperor
Image by G.W. Hutin

Illustration of Lothar I, Holy Roman Emperor

Illustration of an enthroned Lothar I, Holy Roman Emperor (r. 840-855), King of Middle Francia (Lotharingia) and Italy (r. 843-855). Copied by G.W. Hutin, 1821, from a 9th-century manuscript of the Gospels. The British Museum, London.
Crusades
Definition by Mark Cartwright

Crusades

The Crusades were a series of military campaigns organised by popes and Christian western powers to take Jerusalem and the Holy Land back from Muslim control and then defend those gains. There were eight major official crusades between 1095...
Enlil in the E-kur
Article by Joshua J. Mark

Enlil in the E-kur

Enlil in the E-Kur (c. 2000 BCE) is a Sumerian hymn praising the sky god Enlil, his temple/ziggurat at Nippur, and his consort Ninlil, depicting all three in glowing terms and Enlil as a creator-god. The piece is highly regarded as an important...
German Crusade 1197-8 CE
Definition by Mark Cartwright

German Crusade 1197-8 CE

The German Crusade of 1197 CE, also known as the 'Emperor's Crusade', was led by the Holy Roman Emperor Henry VI (r. 1191-1197 CE). Although the emperor died on his way east, his army did capture Beirut from the forces of the Ayyubid dynasty...
Council of Clermont
Definition by Mark Cartwright

Council of Clermont

The Council of Clermont in central France was held in November 1095 and witnessed Pope Urban II's (r. 1088-1099) historic call for the First Crusade (1095-1102) to capture Jerusalem for Christendom from its Muslim occupiers. The Pope's speech...
Holy Trinity
Image by Fr Lawrence Lew, O.P.

Holy Trinity

Stained glass from St Etheldreda's church in Ely Place, London.
Guinevere
Definition by Joshua J. Mark

Guinevere

Guinevere is the Queen of Britain, wife of King Arthur, and lover of Sir Lancelot in the Arthurian Legends best known in their standardized form from Sir Thomas Malory's Le Morte D'Arthur (1469 CE). She first appears in Geoffrey of Monmouth's...
Shulgi and Ninlil's Barge
Article by Joshua J. Mark

Shulgi and Ninlil's Barge

Shulgi and Ninlil's Barge is a Sumerian poem dated to the reign of Shulgi of Ur (2029-1982 BCE) celebrating the caulking of the barge of the goddess Ninlil, consort of the sky god Enlil, and the banquet held in the couple's honor by Shulgi...
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