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Marcus Agrippa
Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa (l. 64/62 – 12 BCE) was Augustus' (r. 27 BCE - 14 CE) most trusted and unshakably loyal general and his right-hand man in the administration of the city of Rome. Although his name is forever connected with the first...

Definition
Battle of Pydna
The Battle of Pydna in June 168 BCE was a decisive Roman victory that ended the Third Macedonian War and established Rome as the dominant power in the Mediterranean. The Roman Republic was expanding, enlarging its sphere of influence along...

Definition
Arsinoe II Philadelphus
Arsinoe II (l. c. 318/311 - c. 270/268 BCE), daughter of Ptolemy I became one of the most enduring figures of the Lagid or Ptolemaic Dynasty and left an undeniable mark in the historical evidence. She was married three times; first to Alexander...

Definition
Aquileia
The ancient city of Aquileia was situated near the head of the Adriatic Sea west of the Roman province of Illyria. The strategic location of the city served a crucial role in the expansion of the Roman Republic by serving as a buffer against...

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The archaeological site and museum of Heraklia Lynkestis near Bitola, North Macedonia
Heraklia Lynkestis is the archaeological site of an ancient city of the same name near Bitola in North Macedonia. The city was founded by Philip II of Macedon in c. 385 BC as a citadel to monitor any possible invasions from Illyria and secure...

Article
Herodotus on Babylon
The description of Babylon and Babylonian customs in Histories by the Greek historian Herodotus (l. c. 484-425/413 BCE) has long been challenged for accuracy and been found wanting, leading some scholars to dismiss the work entirely as more...

Article
Macedonian Colonization Under Philip II
Philip II of Macedon (359-336 BCE) envisaged a broad Macedonian kingdom and his colonial expansion resulted in the forging of an empire that his son Alexander the Great (r. 336-323 BCE) would use as a springboard for even greater things...

Article
The Battle of Actium: Birth of an Empire
The battle of Cynoscephalae in 197 BCE concluded the Second Macedonian War (200-197 BCE) and consolidated Rome's power in the Mediterranean, finally resulting in Greece becoming a province of Rome in 146 BCE. This engagement is sometimes...

Article
Herodotus in Art
Herodotus' Histories with their historical, geographical, ethnographic, and religious aspects, have always been a source of delight and interest, not only for generations of readers, students, and storytellers, but also for artists. A complete...

Image
Map of the Mediterranean 218 BCE
A map of the Mediterranean in 218 BC, showing the territorial extents of the following states:
- Antigonids
- Attalids
- Carthage
- Ptolemies
- Roman Empire
- Seleucids
Major battle locations are also shown.