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Piracy has involved many nationalities over the centuries, but one of the prominent groups in the medieval and early modern periods was the French pirates, who terrorised the Atlantic, the Caribbean, and the Indian Ocean. French writers often...

The coronation ceremony of the British monarchy as we know it today involves many elements that have been a part of the pageantry ever since the 11th century. Such features of the ceremony carried out in Westminster Abbey since 1066 have...

Visiting the vibrant and colorful city of Lisbon, on the banks of the river Tagus and the edge of the Atlantic Ocean, what is most showcased is one episode of the city's and country's glorious past: Lisbon as the capital of the Portuguese...

Medieval castles were built from the 11th century CE for rulers to demonstrate their wealth and power to the local populace, to provide a place of defence and safe retreat in the case of attack, defend strategically important sites like river...

The Northern or Baltic Crusades were military campaigns organised by popes and western rulers to convert pagans to Christianity in the 12th to 15th century. Unlike in the Holy Land, where military campaigns were aimed at liberating former...

An infographic showing the Military Crusader Orders which emerged as unique institutions blending monastic devotion with martial duty. Founded in the wake of the First Crusade (1096–1099), their primary purpose was to protect pilgrims and...

The German Crusade of 1197 CE, also known as the 'Emperor's Crusade', was led by the Holy Roman Emperor Henry VI (r. 1191-1197 CE). Although the emperor died on his way east, his army did capture Beirut from the forces of the Ayyubid dynasty...

A modern re-enactment of a medieval joust. (Linlithglow Tournament, 2008 CE)

An example of jousting armour as used in medieval tournaments. Commissioned by Emperor Maximilian I c. 1494 CE. (Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna)

Page from the early 14th-century Codex Manesse - an illuminated book of poetry composed in Middle High German - depicting Henry I, Count of Anhalt participating in a tournament.