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Kushan Empire
The map shows the extent of the Kushan Empire, c. 100 - 240 CE.

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Kushan Empire & Neighboring States
This map shows the extent of the Kushan empire along with the various states and kingdoms that surrounded it at roughly the same time period. c. 100 - 240 CE.

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Ancient Afghanistan
The ancient history of Afghanistan, a landlocked country in Central Asia, is full of fascinating cultures, from early nomadic tribes to the realms of Achaemenid Persia, the Seleucids, the Mauryans, the Parthians, and Sasanians, as well as...

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Kushan Coin of Kanishka II
This Kushan coin depicts a goddess of prosperity seated on a throne; this goddess was known to the Kushans as Ardochsho. Almost all late Kushan coins used the design of a seated goddess, and the Kushan Emperors produced these coins in large...

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Post Kushan India
A map showing the political situation in the Indian Subcontinent following the fall of the Kushan Empire

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Cultural Links between India & the Greco-Roman World
Cyrus the Great (558-530 BCE) built the first universal empire, stretching from Greece to the Indus River. This was the famous Achaemenid Empire of Persia. An inscription at Naqsh-i-Rustam, the tomb of his able successor Darius I (521-486...

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Gandhara Civilization
The Gandhara Civilization existed in what is now Northern Pakistan and Afghanistan from the middle of the 1st millennium BCE to the beginning of the 2nd millennium CE. Although multiple major powers ruled over this area during that time...

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Taxila
When it comes to ancient history, Pakistan contains its fair share of treasures, one of the prominent of these being the ancient metropolis of Taxila. It is a city of the Gandharan civilization, sometimes known as one of its capitals, whose...

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Roman Empire
The Roman Empire, at its height (c. 117), was the most extensive political and social structure in western civilization. Building upon the foundation laid by the Roman Republic, the empire became the largest and most powerful political and...

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Western Roman Empire
The Western Roman Empire is the modern-day term for the western half of the Roman Empire after it was divided in two by the emperor Diocletian (r. 284-305 CE) in c. 285/286 CE. The Romans themselves did not use this term. At its height (c...