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Article
Trade in the Byzantine Empire
Trade and commerce were essential components of the success and expansion of the Byzantine Empire. Trade was carried out by ship over vast distances, although for safety, most sailing vessels were restricted to the better weather conditions...
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Cortés & the Fall of the Aztec Empire
The Aztec empire flourished between c. 1345 and 1521 CE and dominated ancient Mesoamerica. This young and warlike nation was highly successful in spreading its reach and gaining fabulous wealth, but then all too quickly came the strange visitors...
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Society in the Byzantine Empire
The society in the Byzantine Empire (4th-15th century CE) was dominated by the imperial family and the male aristocracy but there were opportunities for social advancement thanks to wars, population movements, imperial gifts of lands and...
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Women in the Byzantine Empire
Women in the Byzantine Empire (4th to 15th century CE) were, amongst the upper classes, largely expected to supervise the family home and raise children while those who had to work for a living did so in most of the industries of the period...
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Pilgrimage in the Byzantine Empire
Pilgrimage in the Byzantine Empire involved the Christian faithful travelling often huge distances to visit such holy sites as Jerusalem or to see in person relics of holy figures and miraculous icons on show from Thessaloniki to Antioch...
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Gold Pendant from India/Pakistan
One side (reverse) of this elaborate gold pendant has designs based on coins of the Kushan rulers Kanishka I (100-126 CE) or Huvishka (126-163 CE); it shows an image of the goddess of wealth. On the other side (obverse, this image), the image...
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Gandhara Bodhisattva
Bodhisattva Maitreya Kushan period 2nd-3rd century CE from the ancient region of Gandhara, India/Afghanistan. (Asian Art Museum, San Francisco).
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Ashokan Pillar Base, Sarnath
Remains of an Ashokan Pillar in the Buddhist monastery around the Dharmarajika Stupa. The pillar has three inscriptions: the earliest is an Ashokan edict warning the monks and nuns of the monastery against quarrelling with each other, the...
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Statue of a Goddess from Kashmir
This statue of the goddess of prosperity shows her seated on a lotus and a lion. She holds a lotus bud in her right hand and the pot of abundance in her left. These symbols of prosperity derive from the horn of plenty (cornucopia) carried...
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Daily Life in the Byzantine Empire
Daily life in the Byzantine Empire, like almost everywhere else before or since, largely depended on one's birth and the social circumstances of one's parents. There were some opportunities for advancement based on education, the accumulation...