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Louis-Nicolas Davout
Louis-Nicolas Davout (1770-1823), Duke of Auerstedt and a marshal of the French Empire during the Napoleonic Wars (1803-1815). Nicknamed the "Iron Marshal" for the strict discipline he imposed on his Corps, Davout never lost a battle and...

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Louis François Perrin de Précy
Portrait of Louis François Perrin de Précy, commander of the rebel army during the Revolt of Lyon in the Federalist Revolts (May-December 1793). By Jean-Joseph Dassy, 1829. In the Musée d'art et d'histoire de Cholet

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Emperor Charles the Fat & King Louis III the Younger of East Francia
Engraved portrait of Kings of East Francia Charles the Fat (r. 876-887 CE), Holy Roman Emperor (r. 881-887 CE), and Louis III the Younger (r. 876-882 CE), by unknown creator, c. 1634-1643 CE.
The British Museum, London.

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La Rochelle, a Protestant Stronghold of the French Reformation
La Rochelle emerged early in the French Reformation as a Protestant political and military center. The city's fortifications withstood repeated sieges over the years. In 1627, La Rochelle was besieged by Cardinal Richelieu (l. 1585-1642...

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Orleans Cathedral
The Cathedral of the Holy Cross (Sainte-Croix) of Orleans in the Centre-Val de Loire region of France, was first built in the 13th century CE on the site of a series of older churches dating back to the 4th century CE. The cathedral, which...

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Thermidorian Reaction
The Thermidorian Reaction refers to the period of the French Revolution (1789-1799) between the fall of Maximilien Robespierre on 27-28 July 1794 and the establishment of the French Directory on 2 November 1795. The Thermidorians abandoned...

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Diamond Necklace Originally Commissioned by Louis XV
Recreation of the diamond necklace at the center of the affair of the diamond necklace (1784-86). Château de Breteuil, France.
Photo taken by Jebulon, 18 July 2010.

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Dover Castle
Dover Castle, located in the southern county of Kent, is one of the largest castles in England and one of the first to have concentric defensive walls. First built in 1066 CE by William the Conqueror to help prevent anyone repeating his own...

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Hundred Days
The Hundred Days refers to the second reign of French Emperor Napoleon I, who unexpectedly returned from exile to reclaim the French throne. It encompasses Napoleon's triumphant return to Paris on 20 March 1815, his climactic defeat at the...

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J. R. Giddings' Account of the Dade Massacre of the Second Seminole War
The Dade Massacre (also given as the Dade Battle, 28 December 1835) was the opening engagement of the Second Seminole War (1835-1842) between Euro-American forces and those of the Seminole, Black Seminole, and runaway slaves who had found...