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Robespierre & the Death Penalty
"I come to ask, not the gods, but legislators…to erase from the code of the French the blood laws that command judicial murders" (Robespierre, 6). These impassioned words, spoken by Maximilien Robespierre before France's National Constituent...

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Maximilien Robespierre
Maximilien François Marie Isidore de Robespierre (1758-1794) was a French lawyer who became one of the primary leaders of the French Revolution (1789-1799). From his initial rise to stardom in the Jacobin Club, Robespierre went on to dominate...

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Declaration of Pillnitz
The Declaration of Pillnitz was a joint statement issued on 27 August 1791 by Leopold II, Holy Roman Emperor (r. 1790-1792) and King Frederick William II of Prussia (r. 1786-1797). The declaration appealed to all European powers to unite...

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Louis Armstrong - 'Twas The Night Before Christmas
“A Visit From St. Nicholas (‘Twas the Night Before Christmas)” by Louis Armstrong from the album “Louis Wishes You A Cool Yule.” Subscribe and ring the bell to never miss an update from Louis Armstrong: https://Verve.lnk.to/LouisYTID Purchase...

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Trial of Louis XVI
The trial of King Louis XVI of France, on 26 December 1792, engraving by Reinier Vinkeles, c. 1793-96. Louis himself can be seen prominently in the lower right, holding a sheet of paper from which he reads his defense. He is flanked by his...

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Louis XVII and Antoine Simon
Louis-Charles de France (Louis XVII of France) and his jailor, the cobbler Antoine Simon; later royalist writers told of the abuses inflicted by Simon. Engraving by Yan' Dargent, from Histoire de la Révolution by Adolphe Thiers, Ed. 1866...

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Louis XVII of France
Portrait of the dauphin Louis-Charles de France (1785-1795), recognized by royalists as King Louis XVII of France. Oil on canvas by Alexander Kucharsky, 1792.
Palace of Versailles.

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Portrait of Louis-Charles in the Temple, 1793
Portrait of Louis-Charles, dauphin of France (1785-1795) who was recognized by royalists as King Louis XVII of France, during his imprisonment in the Tower of the Temple. In July 1793, he was separated from his family to be "reeducated" in...

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Execution of Louis XVI
Engraving depicting the execution of King Louis XVI of France by guillotine on 21 January 1793, in the Place de la Revolution, Paris. The executioner displays his severed head to the crowd. Engraving by Isidore Stanislas Helman, after Charles...

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Johannes Hevelius
Johannes Hevelius (1611-1687) was a Polish astronomer based in Danzig (Gdańsk). He worked from his own privately funded observatory, creating maps of the Moon's surface, discovering the first variable star, and spotting several new comets...