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Phalanx vs Legion: Battle of Cynoscephalae
Video by Syntagma

Phalanx vs Legion: Battle of Cynoscephalae

The Roman victory in the Battle of Cynoscephalae ( 197 BC ) marked the end of the Second Macedonian War between Rome and Philip V, king of Macedon. The battle is considered one of the best examples of manipular Roman legion superiority over...
The Army of Alexander the Great
Article by Donald L. Wasson

The Army of Alexander the Great

No military commander in history has ever won a battle by himself. To be successful he needs the support of a well-trained army who will follow him regardless of the cost whether it be a stunning victory or hopeless defeat. One need only...
Argead Dynasty
Definition by Athanasios Fountoukis

Argead Dynasty

The Argead dynasty, the ancient Macedonian house of Dorian Greek origin, lasted from the 7th century to 310 BCE. The mythological founder of the dynasty was King Caranus but it was under Philip II of Macedon (382-226 BCE) that the Macedonian...
Sacred Band of Thebes
Definition by Joshua J. Mark

Sacred Band of Thebes

The Sacred Band of Thebes was an elite unit of the Theban army comprised of 150 gay male couples totaling 300 men. They were formed under the leadership of Gorgidas but first achieved fame under the general Pelopidas. They remained invincible...
Ancient Greek Warfare
Definition by Mark Cartwright

Ancient Greek Warfare

In the ancient Greek world, warfare was seen as a necessary evil of the human condition. Whether it be small frontier skirmishes between neighbouring city-states, lengthy city-sieges, civil wars, or large-scale battles between multi-alliance...
The Macedonian Kingdom at Philip II's Death, c. 336 BCE
Image by Simeon Netchev

The Macedonian Kingdom at Philip II's Death, c. 336 BCE

This map illustrates the state of the Macedonian Kingdom at the time of Philip II's death in 336 BCE, a powerful and unified state in northern Greece, poised to dominate the ancient world. Through military reform, strategic diplomacy, and...
Titus Quinctius Flamininus
Definition by Donald L. Wasson

Titus Quinctius Flamininus

Titus Quinctius Flamininus (229-174 BCE) was a consul and military commander of the Roman Republic during the Second Macedonian War, who decisively defeated Philip V of Macedon (r. 221-179 BCE) at the Battle of Cynoscephalae in 197 BCE and...
Aetolian League
Definition by Athanasios Fountoukis

Aetolian League

The Aetolian League was an ancient Greek alliance of the tribes that lived west of Athens and north of the Peloponnese. The league was probably first established in the early 4th century BCE, reached its peak during the Hellenistic Period...
Iron Peritrachelion (gorget) from Macedonian Tomb II of Vergina
Image by Antonios Gavriilidis

Iron Peritrachelion (gorget) from Macedonian Tomb II of Vergina

Iron peritrachelion (gorget) with golden-silver decorative plate found in Macedonian Tomb II of Vergina, Imathia, Central Macedonia, Greece. The tomb is dated to between the end of the 4th century BCE and the beginning of the 3rd century...
The Hypaspists in Ancient Sources
Article by Mark Passehl

The Hypaspists in Ancient Sources

Hypaspist translitterates the Greek term meaning shield-bearer, or armour-bearer (ὁ ὑπασπιστής). This noun is formed from the verb ὑπασπίζειν - to carry the shield for another; serve as a shieldbearer. The Shieldbearers of the Argead kings...
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