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![Ptolemaic Navy](https://www.worldhistory.org/img/c/p/360x202/19115.jpg?v=1719991869-1718781826)
Definition
Ptolemaic Navy
Ptolemaic Egypt was a naval power that exerted influence throughout the Eastern Mediterranean from its foundation in 330 BCE until Cleopatra's defeat by Augustus at the Battle of Actium in 30 BCE. The Ptolemaic Kingdom produced some of the...
![Interview: The Mysterious Bronze Age Collapse with Eric Cline](https://www.worldhistory.org/img/c/p/360x202/4892.jpg?v=1713612548)
Interview
Interview: The Mysterious Bronze Age Collapse with Eric Cline
The decline of the Late Bronze Age civilizations of the Mediterranean and Near East has puzzled historians and archaeologists for centuries. While many have ascribed the collapse of several civilizations to the enigmatic Sea Peoples, Professor...
![Origins of World Agriculture](https://www.worldhistory.org/img/c/p/360x202/6224.jpg?v=1718503383)
Article
Origins of World Agriculture
Agriculture arose independently at several locations across the world, beginning about 12,000 years ago. The first crops and livestock were domesticated in six rather diffuse areas including the Near East, China, Southeast Asia, and Africa...
![The Celtic Invasion of Greece](https://www.worldhistory.org/img/c/p/360x202/10810.jpg?v=1721915824)
Article
The Celtic Invasion of Greece
Between the 5th and 4th centuries BCE, Celtic tribes moved en masse into southern Europe, intent on seizing land and wealth to feed their swelling numbers. As these tribes began crossing the Alps, they came into conflict with the Romans and...
![The Infrastructure of Caesarea Maritima](https://www.worldhistory.org/img/c/p/360x202/18111.jpg?v=1722977763-1699347223)
Article
The Infrastructure of Caesarea Maritima
Caesarea Maritima, an ancient metropolis in modern-day Israel, was a remarkable engineering accomplishment. Extending Rome's military and commercial presence in the eastern Mediterranean in the latter years of the 1st century BCE, Herod the...
![The Phoenicians - Master Mariners](https://www.worldhistory.org/img/c/p/360x202/16186.jpg?v=1665062865-1665062912)
Article
The Phoenicians - Master Mariners
Driven by their desire for trade and the acquisition of such commodities as silver from Spain, gold from Africa, and tin from the Scilly Isles, the Phoenicians sailed far and wide, even beyond the Mediterranean's traditional safe limits of...
![The Roman Empire in West Africa](https://www.worldhistory.org/img/c/p/360x202/7963.jpg?v=1723258386)
Article
The Roman Empire in West Africa
At its fullest extent, the Roman Empire stretched from around modern-day Aswan, Egypt at its southernmost point to Great Britain in the north but the influence of the Roman Empire went far beyond even the borders of its provinces as a result...
![Etruscan Civilization](https://www.worldhistory.org/img/c/p/360x202/6334.jpg?v=1713255483)
Definition
Etruscan Civilization
The Etruscan civilization flourished in central Italy between the 8th and 3rd century BCE. The culture was renowned in antiquity for its rich mineral resources and as a major Mediterranean trading power. Much of its culture and even history...
![Ptolemaic Egypt](https://www.worldhistory.org/img/c/p/360x202/15183.png?v=1642925706)
Definition
Ptolemaic Egypt
Ptolemaic Egypt existed between 323 and 30 BCE when Egypt was ruled by the Macedonian Ptolemaic dynasty. During the Ptolemaic period, Egyptian society changed as Greek immigrants introduced a new language, religious pantheon, and way of life...
![Roman Naval Warfare](https://www.worldhistory.org/img/c/p/360x202/2566.png?v=1715796843)
Definition
Roman Naval Warfare
Military supremacy of the seas could be a crucial factor in the success of any land campaign, and the Romans well knew that a powerful naval fleet could supply troops and equipment to where they were most needed in as short a time as possible...