Michel: Did you mean...?

The Index of Prohibited Books (Index Librorum Prohibitorum) was a list of written works condemned as heretical or injurious to the Christian faith by the Catholic Church at the Council of Trent in 1563. It remained in effect until 1966 when...

The twin battles of Jena and Auerstedt, both fought on 14 October 1806, marked a major turning point in the Napoleonic Wars (1803-1815). It saw the French Grande Armée, led by Emperor Napoleon I (r. 1804-1814; 1815) soundly defeat the Prussian...

The Normandy landings in France, which began on D-Day, 6 June 1944, involved the largest troop movement in history, but in this article, we focus on the view from civilians directly involved in that momentous day when the Allies sought to...

The legendary Frankish king Pharamond being raised up on a bulwark or shield by his soldiers; this custom was later used by the Merovingian Dynasty during their coronations, to symbolize their election to power by the consent of the Franks...

Monasteries and other religious institutions such as priories and nunneries were a quintessential part of the medieval landscape and an important component of a community's social fabric. Providing spiritual guidance, employment, education...

Aspasia Surrounded by Greek Philosophers, oil on canvas painting by Michel Corneille the Younger, 1670, Palace of Versailles.

Iris and Jupiter, oil on canvas by Michel Corneille the Younger, 1701. Palace of Versailles.

A lit de justice on 12 September 1715 in the presence of King Louis XV of France, against the Parlement of Paris. Power struggles between royal and parlement authority would continue up until the French Revolution abolished both monarchy...

An 18th-century oil-on-canvas portrait by Louis-Michel van Loo of Madame Anne-Catherine Helvétius (neé de Ligniville, 1722-1800), famous as a Parisian salon host.

Paul Barras (1755-1828), a prominent French leader during both the Thermidorian Reaction and the French Directory, a politician known for his cunning. Here he is depicted in the ceremonial robes of a French Director. The painting was by Pierre-Michel...