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Nazca Line Monkey
Image by Maria Reiche

Nazca Line Monkey

Aerial photograph taken in 1953 CE by Maria Reiche (1903 - 1998 CE). Maria Reiche was a German-born Peruvian mathematician and archaeologist who is known for her research on the Nazca Lines in Peru. The photo shows a geoglyph of a monkey...
Villanovan Culture
Definition by Mark Cartwright

Villanovan Culture

The Villanovan culture flourished during the Iron Age in central Italy from c. 1000 to c. 750 BCE. It was a precursor of the Etruscan civilization, although the two populations are actually the same and the term Villanovan should not imply...
Nok Culture
Definition by Mark Cartwright

Nok Culture

The Nok culture, named after the settlement of the same name, flourished in southern West Africa (modern Nigeria) during the Iron Age from the 5th century BCE to the 2nd century CE. Famous for the distinctive terracotta sculptures of human...
Longshan Culture
Definition by Mark Cartwright

Longshan Culture

The Longshan culture (aka Lung-shan) flourished in parts of late Neolithic northeast China during the third millennium BCE and was an important link in the development of Chinese civilisation from the independent neolithic communities to...
Nazca Line Spider
Image by Colegota

Nazca Line Spider

A geoglyph showing the Nazca Line Spider. The designs and lines created on the desert floor of southern Peru are known collectively as the 'Nazca Lines' and were made over several centuries between 200 BCE and 500 CE. Their exact purpose...
Liangzhu Culture Jade
Article by Joshua J. Mark

Liangzhu Culture Jade

Jade artifacts and icons are almost synonymous with the Chinese culture going back thousands of years. Jade (nephrite) was first worked into recognizable objects c. 6000 BCE during the period of the Houli Culture (c. 6500 - c. 5500 BCE...
Ancient Persian Culture
Definition by Joshua J. Mark

Ancient Persian Culture

Ancient Persian culture flourished between the reign of Cyrus II (The Great, r. c. 550-530 BCE), founder of the Achaemenid Persian Empire, and the fall of the Sassanian Empire in 651 CE. Even so, the foundations of Persian culture were already...
Nazca Vase with Dancing Male
Image by Osama Shukir Muhammed Amin

Nazca Vase with Dancing Male

Human representation is a dominant and varied theme in later Nazca pottery. Men and women in stiff poses are shown individually and in groups. These tall sculpted vases offer interesting detail relating to ornate Nazca textiles and clthing...
Nazca Vase wtih Cross-legged Male
Image by Osama Shukir Muhammed Amin

Nazca Vase wtih Cross-legged Male

Human representation is a dominant and varied theme in later Nazca pottery. Men and women in stiff poses are shown individually and in groups. These tall sculpted vases offer interesting detail relating to ornate Nazca textile and types of...
Nazca Vase with Warrior & Trophy Heads
Image by Osama Shukir Muhammed Amin

Nazca Vase with Warrior & Trophy Heads

The vase is bell-shaped and depicts hunter-warrior figures with trophy heads. This is a typical "late" Nazca vessel with a proliferous design. The subject is depicted in profile and there is a use of complex and repeated motifs. This artistic...
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