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Burial
Definition by Joshua J. Mark

Burial

Burial of the dead is the act of placing the corpse of a deceased person in a tomb constructed for that purpose or in a grave dug into the earth. Archaeological excavations have revealed Neanderthal graves dating back 130,000 years, marking...
Ghosts in the Ancient World
Definition by Joshua J. Mark

Ghosts in the Ancient World

A belief in an afterlife was central to every major civilization of the ancient world and this encouraged the recognition of the reality of ghosts as the spirits of the departed who, for one reason or another, either returned from the realm...
Ghosts in Ancient Egypt
Definition by Joshua J. Mark

Ghosts in Ancient Egypt

A text known as The Lay of the Harper, dating from the Middle Kingdom (2040-1782 BCE) encourages its audience to make the most of the time because death is a certainty: Make a holiday! And do not tire of playing! For no one is allowed to...
The Story of Joseph by Ghiberti
Image by Sailko

The Story of Joseph by Ghiberti

A panel from the east doors of Florence’s Baptistery of San Giovanni. Made from 1425 CE by Lorenzo Ghiberti (1378-1455 CE). Gilded bronze. This panel shows the story of Joseph and his brothers. The artist Michelangelo gave the doors the nickname...
The Mesopotamian Pantheon
Article by Joshua J. Mark

The Mesopotamian Pantheon

The gods of the Mesopotamian region were not uniform in name, power, provenance or status in the hierarchy. Mesopotamian culture varied from region to region and, because of this, Marduk should not be regarded as King of the Gods in the same...
Esau & Jacob by Ghiberti
Image by David Bramhall

Esau & Jacob by Ghiberti

Esau & Jacob on Lorenzo Ghiberti's Doors of Paradise for the Baptistry, made between 1420 and 1447 with assistance from Lucca della Robbia, Donatello, Michelozzo, Benozzo Gozzoli, Bernardo Cennini, and two of Ghiberti's sons. Museo dell'Opera...
Hall of the Great Council, Doge's Palace, Venice
Image by Riccardo Lelli

Hall of the Great Council, Doge's Palace, Venice

Hall of the Great Council, Doge's Palace, Venice. The room is 53 meters long and 25 meters wide (173 x 82 ft) and can seat 2,000 people. On the back wall is one of the largest oil paintings on canvas in the world: The Glory of Paradise by...
Inventions & Innovations of Ancient Persia
Article by Joshua J. Mark

Inventions & Innovations of Ancient Persia

Ancient Persian culture contributed many of the aspects of the modern world which people take for granted as having always existed. The designation “Persia” comes from the Greeks – primarily from the historian Herodotus – but the people of...
The Soul in Ancient Egypt
Article by Joshua J. Mark

The Soul in Ancient Egypt

At the beginning of time, the god Atum stood on the primordial mound in the midst of the waters of chaos and created the world. The power which enabled this act was heka (magic) personified in the god Heka, the invisible force behind the...
Maya Religion: The Light That Came From Beside The Sea
Article by Joshua J. Mark

Maya Religion: The Light That Came From Beside The Sea

The Mayan religious text, the Popol Vuh (known by many names, among them, The Light That Came From Beside The Sea) is the Quiche Maya story of creation translated into Spanish in the early 18th century CE by the missionary Francisco Ximenez...
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