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Henry VIII Meets Anne Boleyn
A 19th century CE painting by Daniel Maclise showing Anne Boleyn (c. 1501-1536 CE) meeting her future husband, Henry VIII of England (r. 1509-1547 CE).

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Shrine of Ptolemy VIII & Cleopatra II
Shrine of Ptolemy VIII & Cleopatra II, originally from the Temple of Isis, Philae, found reused in a Coptic church, Ptolemaic Dynasty, reign of Ptolemy VIII, c. 170-116 BCE. The shrine held a cult statue of the goddess Isis, who is mentioned...

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Henry VIII by Joos van Cleve
A portrait of Henry VIII of England (r. 1509-1547 CE) by Joos van Cleve, 1530-35 CE. The scroll reads, in Latin, 'Go out into the world, and preach the gospel to every creature’ from the New Testament, Mark 16:15. (Royal Collection)

Definition
Mary I of England
Mary I of England reigned as queen from 1553 to 1558 CE. The eldest daughter of Henry VIII of England (r. 1509-1547 CE) with Catherine of Aragon (1485-1536 CE), she restored Catholicism in England while her persecution of Protestants led...

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King Henry VIII and His Six Wives
Henry VIII is one of the most famous Kings in history, and that has a lot to do with his six wives and his quest for a male heir. King Henry VIII was born on June 28 1491, and was the son of King Henry VII of England. Henry VIII ruled as...

Definition
Galla Placidia
Galla Placidia (388-450 CE), the future empress, was the half-sister of the Westen Roman emperor Flavius Honorius (r. 395-423 CE), and the daughter of Theodosius the Great (r. 379-395 CE). She was taken hostage by Alaric during the sack of...

Definition
Johann Tetzel
Johann Tetzel (l.c. 1465-1519) was a Dominican Friar who became famous as one of the most effective indulgence salesmen and who inadvertently inspired the Protestant Reformation when Martin Luther (l. 1483-1546) wrote his 95 Theses protesting...

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Pope Julius II by Raphael
A portrait of Pope Julius II (r. 1503-1513 CE) by the Italian Renaissance artist Raphael, c. 1512 CE. (National Gallery London)

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Tiara of Pope Pius IX
The tiara of Pope Pius IX (in office 1846-1878). Made in 1854. Made of a trio of gold crowns set with diamonds, emeralds, sapphires, pearls, and other jewels around a silver-thread fabric. It measures 35 cm (13.7 in) in height and diameter...

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Physical Examination of a New Pope
A 1645 illustration showing a cardinal checking that Pope Innocent X (in office 1644-55) is indeed a man.