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Dissolution of the Monasteries
Definition by Mark Cartwright

Dissolution of the Monasteries

The Dissolution of the Monasteries was a policy introduced in 1536 CE by Henry VIII of England (r. 1509-1547 CE) to close down and confiscate the lands and wealth of all monasteries in England and Wales. The plan was designed as a lucrative...
Henry VIII and the English Reformation Explained
Video by Kelly Macquire

Henry VIII and the English Reformation Explained

Did you know that the Protestant Reformation started in England because the king wanted a divorce? This video is all about the establishment of the Protestant Church of England by Henry VIII in the 16th century, best known as the English...
Pope Joan Giving Birth
Image by Unknown Artist

Pope Joan Giving Birth

A c. 1450 illustration showing Pope Joan giving birth during a procession. Pope Joan was a legendary female pope of the Middle Ages said to have reigned from 855 to 858. Her existence is disputed. (Spencer Collection)
Carolingian Dynasty
Definition by Michael Griffith

Carolingian Dynasty

The Carolingian Dynasty (751-887) was a family of Frankish nobles who ruled Francia and its successor kingdoms in Western and Central Europe during the Early Middle Ages. The dynasty expanded from Francia as far as modern Italy, Spain, and...
Michael VIII Palaiologos
Image by McZusatz

Michael VIII Palaiologos

Michael VIII Palaiologos (r. 1259-1281 CE) Miniature from the manuscript of Pachymeres' Historia, 14th century CE. Munich, Bayerische Staatsbibliothek.
Byzantine Hat Worn by John VIII
Image by Sailko

Byzantine Hat Worn by John VIII

This medal depicts John VIII Palaeologus during his visit to Ferrara in 1438 CE, as drawn by Pisanello. Extravagant hats were popular among Byzantine Royalty.
Despotate of Epirus
Definition by Michael Goodyear

Despotate of Epirus

The Despotate of Epirus was one of the successor states of the Byzantine Empire when it disintegrated following the Fourth Crusade's capture of Constantinople in 1204 CE. It was originally the most successful of those successor states, coming...
Albigensian Crusade
Definition by Mark Cartwright

Albigensian Crusade

The Albigensian Crusade (aka Cathars' Crusade, 1209-1229 CE), was the first crusade to specifically target heretic Christians - the Cathars of southern France. Not successful in repressing the heresy, the on-off campaigns over two decades...
Pope Joan
Image by Unknown Artist

Pope Joan

A 15-16th century manuscript illustration of Pope Joan, a legendary female pope of the Middle Ages said to have reigned from 855 to 858. Her existence is disputed. (Bibliothèque nationale de France).
Fifth Crusade
Definition by Mark Cartwright

Fifth Crusade

The Fifth Crusade (1217-1221 CE) was called by Pope Innocent III (r. 1198-1216 CE) with the objective, like previous crusades, of recapturing Jerusalem from Muslim control; only this time the strategy was to weaken the enemy by first attacking...
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