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Effigy of Pope Gregory VII
Wax effigy of Pope Gregory VII (c. 1015-1085).
Cathedral of Salerno, Italy.

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Pope Gregory VII, Pitigliano Cathedral
Stained glass window of Pope Gregory VII (1015-1085) at the Pitigliano Cathedral, Italy.

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Robert Guiscard with Pope Nicholas II
Robert Guiscard (c. 1015-1085) is proclaimed Duke of Apulia, Calabria, and Sicily by Pope Nicholas II, illustration from the Nuova Cronica of Giovanni Villani, 14th century.

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Pope Leo IX
Pope Leo IX (r. 1049-1054), illustration from an illuminated manuscript, 11th century.

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Pope Celestine III
Stained glass window in York Minster depicting Pope Celestine III (1191-1198 CE)

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Pope Pius VII
Portrait of Pope Pius VII, oil on panel by Jacques-Louis David, 1805.
Louvre Museum, Paris.

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Pope Boniface VIII
Pope Boniface VIII (served 1294-1303 CE). Statue by Arnolfo di Cambio, c. 1298 CE.
Museo dell'Opera, Florence.

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Pope Pius X
A c. 1914 photograph of Pope Pius X (1903-14). (National Portrait Gallery, London)

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Frederick II Being Excommunicated by Pope Innocent IV
A manuscript depicting Frederick II (l. 1194-1250 CE) being excommunicated by Pope Innocent IV.

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Pope Pius VI
A 1775 portrait by Pompeo Batoni of Pope Pius VI (r. 1775-99). (National Gallery of Ireland)