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Stela of Roy and Kashisha
Limestone stela of the priest Roy and standard-bearer Kashisha. From modern-day Egypt. New Kingdom, 18th Dynasty, circa 1420 BCE. (State Museum of Egyptian Art, Munich, Germany).

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Stela of Neskhons Queen of Pinezem II
This painted wooden stela depicts a woman whose name was identified as Neskhons; she was the wife of the High Priest of Amun Pinedjem (II). On the right side, Neskhons looks to the left and makes an offerring to the god Osiris. There are...

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Inscribed Base of a Statue from Palaepaphos
There are two lines of inscription on this marble stone, which read: "Nikokles, King of Paphos, Wanassa Priest King, Son of Timarkhos, erected for goddess". Early Hellenistic Period, end of the 4th century BCE. From Palaepaphos (Kouklia...

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Two Accounts of Zwingli's Death
Huldrych Zwingli (l. 1484-1531) died in the second of the Kappel Wars in 1531, a conflict between Catholic and Protestant forces. Afterwards, two accounts of his death emerged – one Catholic and one Protestant – differing in detail and notable...

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The Tales of Prince Setna
Among the most engaging and influential works from Egyptian literature are the stories in the cycle known as Setna I and Setna II or The Tales of Prince Setna. These are fictional works from the Late Period of Ancient Egypt (525-332 BCE...

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Historical Problems in the Trial(s) & Crucifixion in the Gospels
The story of the trial and crucifixion of Jesus Christ is reenacted every year by Christians all over the world in the Easter liturgy. The story has become an essential article of faith and is rarely questioned by New Testament scholars and...

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Unam Sanctam: Spiritual Authority & the Medieval Church
The Unam Sanctam (1302) was a papal bull issued by Pope Boniface VIII (served 1294-1303) requiring the complete submission of all people, including kings, to the authority and dictates of the pope. As the Church was understood as holding...

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Hymn to Nisaba
The Hymn to Nisaba (c. 3rd millennium BCE) is a poem praising Nisaba, the Sumerian goddess of writing and accounts who also served as scribe of the gods. The poem is officially dedicated to Enki, the god of wisdom (sometimes given as her...

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Julius Caesar
Gaius Julius Caesar was born 12 July 100 BCE (though some cite 102 as his birth year). His father, also Gaius Julius Caesar, was a Praetor who governed the province of Asia and his mother, Aurelia Cotta, was of noble birth. Both held to the...

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Zoroastrianism
Zoroastrianism is the monotheistic faith established by the Persian prophet Zoroaster (also given as Zarathustra, Zartosht) between c. 1500-1000 BCE. It holds that there is one supreme deity, Ahura Mazda (Lord of Wisdom), creator and sustainer...