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Ashurbanipal
Definition by Joshua J. Mark

Ashurbanipal

Ashurbanipal (r. 668-627 BCE, also known as Assurbanipal) was the last of the great kings of Assyria. His name means "the god Ashur is creator of an heir" and he was the son of King Esarhaddon of the Neo-Assyrian Empire. In the Hebrew Tanakh...
Nineveh
Definition by Joshua J. Mark

Nineveh - The Great Cultural Center That Became the "City of Sin"

Nineveh (modern-day Mosul, Iraq) was one of the oldest and greatest cities in antiquity. It was originally known as Ninua, a trade center, and would become one of the largest and most affluent cities in antiquity. It was regarded highly by...
Ancient Persian Government
Definition by Joshua J. Mark

Ancient Persian Government

The government of ancient Persia was based on an efficient bureaucracy which combined the centralization of power with the decentralization of administration. The Achaemenid Empire (c. 550-330 BCE) founded by Cyrus the Great (r. c. 550-530...
Mesopotamian Naru Literature
Definition by Joshua J. Mark

Mesopotamian Naru Literature - The World's First Historical Fiction

Mesopotamian Naru Literature was a literary genre, first appearing around the 2nd millennium BCE, which featured a famous person (usually a king) from history as the main character in a story that often concerned humanity's relationship with...
Uruk
Definition by Joshua J. Mark

Uruk - The First Great City

Uruk was one of the most important cities (at one time, the most important) in ancient Mesopotamia. According to the Sumerian King List, it was founded by King Enmerkar circa 5000/4500 BCE. Uruk is best known as the birthplace of writing...
Anu
Definition by Joshua J. Mark

Anu

Anu (also known as An) is an early Mesopotamian sky god who was later viewed as the Father of the Gods and ruler of the heavens, a position which then passed to his son Enlil. He is the son of the couple Anshar and Kishar (heaven and earth...
The Curse of Agade
Article by Joshua J. Mark

The Curse of Agade - Naram-Sin's Fictional Battle with the Gods

The Curse of Agade (also given as The Cursing of Agade) is a poem dated to the Ur III period of Mesopotamia (circa 2112 to circa 2004 BCE), though it is thought to be somewhat older in origin. It tells the story of the Akkadian king Naram-Sin...
The Legend of Cutha
Article by Joshua J. Mark

The Legend of Cutha - A How-To on the Proper Relationship with One's God

The Legend of Cutha (also known as the Cuthean Legend of Naram-Sin, Cutha Legend, and Kutha Legend) is a fictional work dated to the 17th century BCE belonging to the genre known as Mesopotamian naru literature. It features the Akkadian king...
Kingdoms & Empires of Ancient Mesopotamia
Collection by Jan van der Crabben

Kingdoms & Empires of Ancient Mesopotamia

The region of ancient Mesopotamia was home to several key kingdoms and empires that left a lasting impact on the region and influenced future civilizations. One of the earliest empires was the Akkadian Empire, established by Sargon the Great...
Near East
Definition by Joshua J. Mark

Near East - A Modern Term for an Ancient Land

The 'Near East' is a modern-age term for the region formerly known as the 'Middle East,' comprising Armenia, Cyprus, Egypt, Iraq, Iran, Israel, Jordan, Lebanon, Palestine, Syria, and part of Turkey, corresponding to ancient Urartu, Mesopotamia...
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