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The Three Estates of Pre-Revolutionary France
Society in the Kingdom of France in the period of the Ancien Regime was broken up into three separate estates, or social classes: the clergy, the nobility, and the commoners. These classes and their accompanying power dynamics, originating...

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Unified Silla & Balhae Kingdoms
A map showing the territory of the Unified Silla Kingdom (668- 935 CE) and Balhae (Parhae) Kingdom (698-926 CE), which controlled parts of Manchuria.

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Map of the Indo-Saka Kingdoms
Map of the Indo-Saka / Indo-Scythian Kingdoms.

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Map of the Frankish Kingdoms AD 511
The founder of the Merovingian Frankish kingdom was Clovis. He followed an aggressive policy of conquest to build up the kingdom over much of modern France, but his death in 511 saw his realm chopped up into several smaller kingdoms. It...

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Hellenistic Successor Kingdoms c. 301 BCE
A map illustrating the Hellenistic World and the successor kingdoms of the Diadochi (Alexander the Great's successors) c. 301 BCE.

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Map of the Successor Kingdoms, c. 303 BCE
Map of the Diadochi successor kingdoms to Alexander the Great's empire, before the Battle of Ipsus (301 BCE).

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Merovingian Kingdoms
Map of the Merovingian kingdoms at their height.

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The Taifa Kingdoms of the Iberian Peninsula, 1031-1086
A map illustrating the fragmented political situation in Al-Andalus (the Muslim-ruled area of the Iberian Peninsula) after the collapse of the Umayyad Caliphate of Cordoba in 1031. Known as taifas (from Arabic "party" or "faction"), numerous...

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Map of the Frankish Kingdoms AD 481-511
With the accession of Clovis, son of Childeric I of the Salian Franks, the Germanic occupiers of north-eastern Gaul had found a king who would change their fortunes out of all recognition. Rather than follow his father's policy of allying...

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The Three Moirai
The Three Moirai, relief, grave of Alexander von der Mark by Johann Gottfried Schadow.
Alte Nationalgalerie, Berlin.