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Periplus of the Erythraean Sea
The Periplus of the Erythraean Sea is an eyewitness account of ancient travel to Africa and India via the Red Sea written by an unknown Greek-speaking Egyptian author in the 1st century CE. In this detailed account, the conditions of the...

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Trade Routes in the Ancient Mediterranean
A map illustrating the boundaries, spheres of influence, and the flow of trade around the Mediterranean Sea between the 7th and 4th centuries BCE.

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Trade Union Scroll for the Amalgamated Society of Engineers
A trade union scroll for the Amalgamated Society of Engineers, created in January 1851. The scroll shows illustrations of important engineers and inventions during the Industrial Revolution. (Science Museum, London)

Quiz
Roman Trade & Economy
Roman economy trade Amphora, Amphorae Argentarii Commerce Free Market Economy Garum Mensarii Mint Nummularii Pax Romana Princeps State-Controlled Economy Veto

Article
A Visitor's Guide to Rome's Frontier in Germany
In the 2nd century CE, the Roman Empire stretched from Scotland in northern Europe to the deserts of southern Egypt, encompassing the entirety of the Mediterranean basin. Beyond that lay its borders. Where there was no natural frontier such...

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Relief Showing a Scene of Cloth Trade
Relief from the Igel Column depicting mules pulling a four-wheeled chariot cart laden transporting bales of cloth. The Igel Column is a multi-storey Roman sandstone funerary monument located on the left bank of the Moselle some eight kilometres...

Definition
First Agricultural Revolution
The First Agricultural Revolution, beginning c. 12-20,000 years ago, was characterized by the emergence of different agricultural systems in different parts of the world, whose common trait was the use of native species. Although agriculture...

Video
Int'l Commerce, Snorkeling Camels, and The Indian Ocean Trade: Crash Course World History #18
In which John Green teaches you the history of the Indian Ocean Trade. John weaves a tale of swashbuckling adventure, replete with trade in books, ivory, and timber. Along the way, John manages to cover advances in seafaring technology, just...

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Ptolemaic Trade Networks in the Late 1st Century BCE
This map illustrates the trading networks which connected the Ptolemaic Kingdom to South Asia and East Africa by the second half of the 1st century BCE. During this time period, Ptolemaic Egypt was a major player in the spice trade which...

Definition
Henry Hudson
Henry Hudson (c. 1570-1611) was an English navigator and maritime explorer. He is known for his four voyages between 1607 and 1610 in search of a northwest passage via the Arctic Ocean to the Far East. The lure of a northwest passage became...