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The Byzantine Empire, c. 650 CE.
A map indicating the extent of the Byzantine c. 650 CE during the reign of Constans II (641-668 CE).

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The Isaurians and the End of Germanic Influence in Byzantium
Germanic influence reigned in the Roman Empire from the end of the 4th century CE through the 5th. Germanic individuals took important posts in the government and the military, and Germanic tribes penetrated ever further into lands that had...

Definition
Kosrau I
Kosrau I (r. 531-579 CE) was the greatest king of the Sassanian Empire (224-651 CE) in virtually every aspect of his reign. He reformed the military, the Persian government, expanded his territories, engaged in large-scale building projects...

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Byzantine Empire c. 460 CE
A map indicating the Byzantine Empire (aka Eastern Roman Empire) c. 460 CE during the reign of Leo I (457-474 CE)

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Map of the Byzantine Empire in 1025 CE
Map of the provinces of the Byzantine Empire in 1025 CE.

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The Byzantine Empire in the mid-9th century CE
A map of the Byzantine Empire, c. 867 CE.

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Byzantine Empire c. 1180 CE
A map illustrating the Mediterranean in the 12th century and, in purple, the Byzantine Empire c. 1180 CE, during the reign of Manuel I Komnenos.

Definition
Empress Theodora
Theodora reigned as empress of the Byzantine Empire alongside her husband, Emperor Justinian I, from 527 CE until her death in 548 CE. Rising from a humble background and overcoming the prejudices of her somewhat disreputable early career...

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Battle of Manzikert
The Battle of Manzikert (Mantzikert) in ancient Armenia in August 1071 CE was one of the greatest defeats suffered by the Byzantine Empire. The victorious Seljuk army captured the Byzantine emperor Romanos IV Diogenes, and, with the empire...

Definition
Neo-Assyrian Empire
The Neo-Assyrian Empire (912-612 BCE) was the final stage of the Assyrian Empire, stretching throughout Mesopotamia, the Levant, Egypt, Anatolia, and into parts of Persia and Arabia. Beginning with the reign of Adad Nirari II (912-891 BCE...