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Early Explorers of the Maya Civilization: John Lloyd Stephens and Frederick Catherwood
The names of John Lloyd Stephens and Frederick Catherwood are forever linked to the Maya and Mayan studies as the two great explorers who documented the ruins from Copan in the south to Chichen Itza in the north. The stories told by Stephens...

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King Edward I of England
A portrait of King Edward I of England (r. 1272 - 1307 CE) from the National Portrait Gallery in London. Made by an unknown artist c. 1597 - 1618 CE. Oil on panel. 580 mm x 450 mm (22 7/8 in x 17 3/4 in).

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Painting of King Stephen of England
King Stephen of England (r. 1135 - 1154 CE), depicted in a folio from an English manuscript dated c. 1250-1259 CE.
Royal 14 C VII f. 8v, British Library.

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John Balliol, King of Scotland
A mid-16th century CE medieval manuscript illustration showing John Balliol, king of Scotland (r. 1292-1296 CE). (National Library of Scotland, Edinburgh)

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Toilets in a Medieval Castle
The medieval toilet or latrine, then called a privy or garderobe, was a primitive affair, but in a castle, one might find a little more comfort and certainly a great deal more design effort than had been invested elsewhere. Practicality...

Definition
Stone of Scone
The Stone of Scone (Gaelic: Lia Fail), also known as the Stone of Destiny or Coronation Stone, is a block of sandstone associated with the coronation ceremonies of the medieval monarchs of Scotland. These ceremonies were held at Scone, a...

Definition
Rochester Castle
Rochester Castle, located in Kent, England, was first constructed shortly after 1066 CE by the Normans, was converted into stone between 1087 and 1089 CE, and then added to over subsequent centuries, notably between 1127 and 1136 CE, and...

Definition
King Philip's War
King Philip’s War (also known as Metacom’s War, 1675-1678) was a conflict in New England between a coalition of Native American tribes organized under the command of Metacom (also known as King Philip, l. 1638-1676), chief of the Wampanoag...

Definition
King David
According to biblical tradition (and some say myth), David (c. 1035-970 BCE) was the second king in the ancient United Kingdom of Israel who helped establish the eternal throne of God. A former shepherd, David was renowned for his passion...

Collection
Scottish Medieval Monarchs
In this collection, we present the 15 most important of the 21 monarchs to rule Scotland from the 11th to 16th century. For the first time forging a unified kingdom, the monarchs of this period were often warrior-kings who conquered the remoter...