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Definition
Neanderthal
Neanderthals are an extinct group of fossil humans that appeared in Western Eurasia in the mid-Middle Pleistocene and shared the stage with the first modern humans arriving in Europe from around 45,000 years ago, before disappearing from...

Definition
Ancient Chinese Calligraphy
Calligraphy established itself as the most important ancient Chinese art form alongside painting, first coming to the fore during the Han dynasty (206 BCE - 220 CE). All educated men and some court women were expected to be proficient at...

Definition
Nazca Civilization
The Nazca civilization flourished on the southern coast of Peru between 200 BCE and 600 CE. They settled in the Nazca and other surrounding valleys with their principal religious and urban sites being Cahuachi and Ventilla, respectively...

Definition
Cahuachi
Cahuachi, located on the southern coast of Peru, was the most important sacred site of the Nazca civilization. The Nazca flourished between 200 BCE and 600 CE, and Cahuachi covers a similar time period. The site, which was used for harvest...

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Statue of Mithras
Statue of Mithras. Marble, 100-200 CE. Rome, Italy. After Christianity became the state religion of the Roman Empire, pagan worship was persecuted, including the cult of the god Mithras. Today we know little about the beliefs and practices...

Definition
Cuicuilco
Cuicuilco is an ancient settlement site in central Mexico, now located in southern Mexico City. Prominent in the late pre-Classic period, around 500 BCE, it is noted for its large circular temple mound, one of the earliest monumental structures...

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Adena Pipe
Adena effigy pipe, found in a tomb at the lowest level of the famous Adena Mound, near Chillicothe, Ohio, created during the transition between the Adena (400 BCE - 100 CE) and Hopewell (100 BCE - 400 CE) periods. Photo was taken in the...

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Safaitic Inscription from Jordan
Nomadic people left tens of thousands of inscribed rocks, like this one, across Jordan desserts, written in Safaitic, an Arabian dialect. This rock playfully shows a woman playing the flute. The inscription reads "By Aqraban, son of Kasit...

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Gravestone of Greek Woman from Black Sea
Limestone grave-stela of a Greek woman from the Black Sea. Cape Tuzla (Taman, Russia), c. 100 BCE-100 CE. (Pushkin Museum, Moscow)

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Athena, Protective Deity of Athens
A marble statue of Athena, the protective deity of Athens. Replica of a Greek original, most likely from Italy, either c. 100 BCE or 100-200 CE. (Musee du Louvre Abu Dhabi)