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Portuguese Empire
The Portuguese Empire was established from the 15th century and eventually stretched from the Americas to Japan. Very often a string of coastal trading centres with defensive fortifications, there were larger territorial colonies like Brazil...

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Marie Dentière's A Very Useful Epistle
A Very Useful Epistle (Epistre tres utile, 1539) is an open letter by the female reformer Marie Dentière (l. c. 1495-1561) to Marguerite of Navarre (l. 1492-1549) advocating for a greater role for women in the work of the Protestant Reformation...

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Pizan's The Status of Women & the Reformation
The Book of the City of the Ladies (1405) by Christine de Pizan (l. 1364 - c. 1430) is considered by many scholars to be the first work of feminist literature, predating A Vindication of the Rights of Women (1792) by Mary Wollstonecraft by...

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Hermitage St Christine of Lena
St Christine of Lena (Spanish: Santa Cristina de Lena) is a Roman Catholic Asturian pre-Romanesque hermitage from 9th century CE located in Lena , about 25 km south of Oviedo, Spain. It was declared UNESCO World Heritage site in 1985. The...

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The Book of the Three Virtues
Illustration from Christine de Pizan's The Book of the Three Virtues (1405 CE). Boston Public Library.

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The Book of the City of Ladies
Illumination from Christine de Pizan's The Book of the City of Ladies (1405 CE).
Bibliothèque nationale de France, Fr.607, f.2

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Eris at the Wedding of Peleus and Thetis
Discordia (Eris, the goddess of the twist) throws a golden apple for the goddesses present to disturb the wedding of Peleus and Thetis, miniature in Jean Miélot's adaptation of Christine de Pisan, L'Epître d'Othéa (Ms. 9392, fol. 63v.), c...

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Young Girls Reading by Renoir
An 1889 oil on canvas, Young Girls Reading (aka The Two Sisters), by Pierre-Auguste Renoir (1841-1919) the French impressionist painter. The two girls are Yvonne and Christine, daughters of the painter and collector Henry Lerolle. The brushstrokes...

Definition
The Canterbury Tales
The Canterbury Tales (written c. 1388-1400 CE) is a medieval literary work by the poet Geoffrey Chaucer (l. c. 1343-1400 CE) comprised of 24 tales related to a number of literary genres and touching on subjects ranging from fate to God's...

Definition
Marie de France
Marie de France (wrote c. 1160-1215 CE) was a multilingual poet and translator, the first female poet of France, and a highly influential literary voice of 12th-century CE Europe. She is credited with establishing the literary genre of chivalric...