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Prodigies: Earthquake Perception from Julius to L'Aquila
Article by Irene Fanizza

Prodigies: Earthquake Perception from Julius to L'Aquila

The beauty of being an archaeologist is having the good fortune to find something on an archaeological dig that remains in a relatively good state of preservation. In various degrees, there are those who study how nature can actually help...
Tsar
Definition by Liana Miate

Tsar

Tsar (also czar) is a Slavic term derived from the Latin caesar. Ivan III (Ivan the Great) (r. 1462-1505) was the first Russian ruler to begin using the title of tsar during his reign instead of the title Grand Prince of Moscow. His grandson...
The Dreyfus Affair & the Separation of Church and State in France
Article by Stephen M Davis

The Dreyfus Affair & the Separation of Church and State in France

The Dreyfus Affair, or L'Affaire as it has become known, demonstrated the competing forces at work to either reestablish the monarchy and the Church in power or to solidify and advance the unfulfilled ideals of the 1789 French Revolution...
Civil Constitution of the Clergy
Definition by Harrison W. Mark

Civil Constitution of the Clergy

The Civil Constitution of the Clergy was a law passed in July 1790 during the French Revolution (1789-1799), which caused the immediate subordination of the Catholic Church in France to the French government. An attempt to modernize the Church...
Medieval Indulgence & Martin Luther
Article by Joshua J. Mark

Medieval Indulgence & Martin Luther

The medieval indulgence was a writ offered by the Church, for money, guaranteeing the remission of sin, and its abuse was the spark that inspired Martin Luther's 95 Theses. Luther (l. 1483-1546) claimed the sale of indulgences was unbiblical...
Leon Battista Alberti
Definition by Mark Cartwright

Leon Battista Alberti

Leon Battista Alberti (1404-1472 CE) was an Italian scholar, architect, mathematician, and advocate of Renaissance humanism. Alberti famously wrote the treatise On Architecture where he outlines the key elements of classical architecture...
Antoine Court & the Church of the Desert
Article by Stephen M Davis

Antoine Court & the Church of the Desert

In March 1715, Louis XIV of France (r. 1643-1715) issued a declaration stating that all subjects of the king were also subjects of the Catholic Church. In defiance of the king's decree, Antoine Court (l. 1696-1760) gathered a small group...
Council of Trent
Definition by Joshua J. Mark

Council of Trent

The Council of Trent (1545-1563) was a meeting of Catholic clerics convened by Pope Paul III (served 1534-1549) in response to the Protestant Reformation. In three separate sessions, the council reaffirmed the authority of the Catholic Church...
Bangkok's Portuguese Past
Article by Kim Martins

Bangkok's Portuguese Past

Any itinerary for a visit to Bangkok, Thailand would include some of the city's must-see historical and cultural sights: The 24-hour flower market (Pak Khlong Talat) filled to the brim with jasmine-scented garlands, fragrant carnations...
Architects of France's 1901 Law of Associations
Article by Stephen M Davis

Architects of France's 1901 Law of Associations

The Law of Associations was adopted by the French Parliament on 3 July 1901 to limit the influence of Catholic teaching orders as the first step toward the formal separation of church and state that would follow in 1905. Of 16,904 religious...
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