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Gracchi Brothers
Tiberius Sempronius Gracchus (c. 163-133 BCE) and his younger brother Gaius (c. 154-121 BCE) were tribunes of the plebs in the Roman Republic. Serving in 133 BCE, Tiberius introduced a land reform but was beaten to death after his term. Eleven...

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Reconstructed Gate of the Roman Fort Biriciana, Germany
The reconstructed gate of the Roman fort Biriciana in Weißenburg (Germany) along the Limes Germanicus. Biriciana was the garrison of the Ala I Hispanorum Auriana between the last years of the 1st century CE and the end of the Limes in the...

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Funerary Stele from Aleppo
This is a marble funerary stele. The Greek inscription reads: "Here lies the baby, Germanicus Andros, who has a spirit. He left the troubles of wisdom and effort to his mother and father." From Aleppo, in modern-day Syria. Roman Period...

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Ulrich von Zatzikhoven
Ulrich von Zatzikhoven, Lanzelet
Codex Palatinus Germanicus 371, 1420 CE

Definition
Ptolemy of Mauretania
Ptolemy of Mauretania (r. 23-40 CE) was king of Mauretania and one of the last surviving members of the Ptolemaic dynasty. His father Juba II (c. 48 BCE to 23 CE) was a Numidian royal and his mother Cleopatra Selene II (40 to c. 5 BCE) was...

Definition
Aytap
Aytap is the modern name for the ancient city of Iotapa (sometimes given as Iotape and Iotape Philadelphos) in Cilicia. The city's ruins are located in southern Turkey near modern day Alanya (ancient Coracesium). The city was founded in 52...

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Legions of Noricum, Raetia & Dacia
The provinces Noricum, Raetia, and Dacia served as a buffer protecting Roman Empire against any possible outside threat. However, the region posed several internal problems for Rome: Pannonia and its ally Dalmatia rebelled against Roman occupancy...

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Temple of Mars Ultor, Rome
The Temple of Mars Ultor stands in the Forum of Augustus in Rome and was built to commemorate Augustus' victory in 42 BCE at the Battle of Philippi over the assassins of Julius Caesar. The building became the place where important military...

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A taste for rioting: Christians in Alexandria
The Alexandrians loved a good quarrel, according to Tom Holland, historian and author of ‘Dynasty’ and ‘In the Shadow of the Sword’. According to Philo of Alexandria, Alexandrian women would grab the testicles of any man they disagreed with...

Definition
Roman Warfare
Roman warfare was remarkably successful over many centuries and across many territories. This was due to several important factors. Italy was a peninsula not easily attacked, there was a huge pool of fighting men to draw upon, a disciplined...