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Critias
Critias (l. c. 460-403 BCE) was an Athenian politician, poet, and playwright, one of Socrates' followers, Plato's second cousin, a leading member of the Thirty Tyrants of Athens, and leader of the oligarchy they established. He is referenced...

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Parthenon, East Facade
East facade of the Parthenon, Athens, 5th century BCE.

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Athens Acropolis
The Acropolis of Athens. Dominating the acropolis is the Parthenon, built between 447 and 432 BCE in the Age of Pericles, and dedicated to the city’s patron deity Athena.

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The Ancient Greeks: Crucible of Civilization - Episode 2: Golden Age
EPISODE 2: GOLDEN AGE The second part recounts the Greeks' heroic victory against the mighty Persian empire through the life of Themistocles, one of Athens' greatest generals.The episode opens in 490 B.C. when tiny Athens prepares to safeguard...

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Government and Taxes under Diocletian and Constantine
The state created by Diocletian and Constantine used to be described as despotic and oppressive, extracting higher taxes and threatening its subjects with punishments for non-compliance. Recent research, however, paints a different picture...

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The Seven Sages of Ancient Greece
The Seven Sages (ΟΙ ΕΠΤΑ ΣΟΦΟΙ) of ancient Greece were renowned philosophers, statesmen, and lawgivers celebrated for their wisdom and practical contributions. First explicitly listed in Plato’s Protagoras, they were recognized as "the wise...

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The Delian League, Part 1: Origins Down to the Battle of Eurymedon (480/79-465/4 BCE)
This text is part of an article series on the Delian League. The modern term Delian League refers to the primarily maritime συμμᾰχία or symmachy (offensive-defensive alliance) among various Greek poleis, which emerged after the second Mede...

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The U.S. Presidential Election of 1800
This map illustrates the U.S. Presidential Election of 1800 - a pivotal and fiercely contested battle between Federalist President John Adams and Democratic-Republican Thomas Jefferson. Marked by deep ideological divisions, it tested the...