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Visiting The Ruins of Lisbon’s Ancient and Medieval Past
Article by Wanda Marcussen

Visiting The Ruins of Lisbon’s Ancient and Medieval Past

Visiting the vibrant and colorful city of Lisbon, on the banks of the river Tagus and the edge of the Atlantic Ocean, what is most showcased is one episode of the city's and country's glorious past: Lisbon as the capital of the Portuguese...
The Civilian View of D-Day
Article by Mark Cartwright

The Civilian View of D-Day

The Normandy landings in France, which began on D-Day, 6 June 1944, involved the largest troop movement in history, but in this article, we focus on the view from civilians directly involved in that momentous day when the Allies sought to...
Old Sarum, Wiltshire
Image by Mark Edwards

Old Sarum, Wiltshire

An aerial view of Old Sarum, Wiltshire, England. The earthwork fortifications and the foundations of William the Conqueror's (r. 1066-1087 CE) Norman cathedral are still clearly visible today within this Iron Age hill fort.
Juno Beach
Definition by Mark Cartwright

Juno Beach

Juno Beach was attacked primarily by forces of the 3rd Canadian Infantry Division as part of the Allied D-Day Normandy landings of 6 June 1944. The Canadian troops initially suffered heavy casualties since aerial and naval bombardments had...
Edward I of England
Definition by Mark Cartwright

Edward I of England

Edward I of England reigned as king from 1272 to 1307 CE. Edward succeeded his father Henry III of England (r. 1216-1272 CE) and was known as 'Longshanks' for his impressive height and as 'the Hammer of the Scots' for his repeated attacks...
Edward III of England
Definition by Mark Cartwright

Edward III of England

Edward III of England reigned as king from 1327 to 1377. Succeeding his father Edward II of England (r. 1307-1327) following his enforced abdication and then murder, Edward III would take revenge on his father's enemies, who included the...
Chaucer's The Book of the Duchess Full Text & Summary
Article by Joshua J. Mark

Chaucer's The Book of the Duchess Full Text & Summary

The Book of the Duchess is the first major work of the English poet Geoffrey Chaucer (l. c. 1343-1400 CE), best known for his masterpiece The Canterbury Tales, composed in the last twelve years of his life and left unfinished at his death...
How to Take a Medieval Castle
Video by English Heritage

How to Take a Medieval Castle

Besieging a medieval castle was a difficult task – just look at the histories of Dover Castle​ and Kenilworth Castle​! Attacking armies often had to rely on ingenious tools and methods to get the job done. Find out more: https://goo.gl/dpcVb1...
William II of England
Definition by Mark Cartwright

William II of England

William II of England, sometimes called William 'Rufus' for his red hair and complexion, reigned as the king of England from 1087 to 1100 CE. The son of William the Conqueror (r. 1066-1087 CE), the younger William was loyal to his father...
Harold Godwinson
Definition by Mark Cartwright

Harold Godwinson

Harold Godwinson (also spelt Godwineson) reigned briefly as King Harold II of England from January to October 1066 CE, the momentous year which witnessed the Norman conquest and end of 500 years of Anglo-Saxon rule. Harold had been, as the...
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