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The Ancient Celtic Pantheon
Article by Mark Cartwright

The Ancient Celtic Pantheon

The ancient Celtic pantheon consisted of over 400 gods and goddesses who represented everything from rivers to warfare. With perhaps the exception of Lugh, the Celtic gods were not universally worshipped across Iron Age Europe but were very...
Trialeti Culture Necklace
Image by James Blake Wiener

Trialeti Culture Necklace

This golden necklace was made by people who belonged to the ancient Trialeti culture. They flourished during the late-3rd and early-2nd millennium BCE. Many exquisite items crafted in gold and silver by the Trialeti culture have been found...
History of the Etruscan Culture: the First Great Italian Civilization
Video by Kelly Macquire

History of the Etruscan Culture: the First Great Italian Civilization

The Etruscans, who knew themselves as the Rasenna, were a culture that flourished in central Italy in the region of Etruria between the 8th and the 3rd century BCE. They are first mentioned by the Greek writer Hesiod in the 8th century BCE...
Roman Gaul
Definition by Donald L. Wasson

Roman Gaul

Roman Gaul is an umbrella term for several Roman provinces in western Europe: Cisalpine Gaul or Gallia Cisalpina, comprised a territory situated in the northernmost part of the Italian peninsula ranging from the Apennines in the west northward...
Ancient Celts
Definition by Mark Cartwright

Ancient Celts

The ancient Celts were various tribal groups living in parts of western and central Europe in the Late Bronze Age and through the Iron Age (c. 700 BCE to c. 400 CE). Given the name Celts by ancient writers, these tribes and their culture...
Pottery Vessel from Ninevite V Culture
Image by Osama Shukir Muhammed Amin

Pottery Vessel from Ninevite V Culture

This peculiar pottery vessel was found at Nineveh, Iraq. The surface is painted with different geometric shapes. Ninevite V period/culture of Upper Mesopotamia, c. 2900-2600 BCE. On display at the Iraq Museum in Baghdad.
Veracruz Culture Statue of Cihuacoatl
Image by James Blake Wiener

Veracruz Culture Statue of Cihuacoatl

Although Cihuacoatl was later known in Aztec mythology as the "snake woman," she was also a fertility goddess and a goddess of motherhood. This statue comes from the Veracruz culture, which lived along the Gulf Coast in what is present-day...
Vessel from Ninevite V Culture
Image by Osama Shukir Muhammed Amin

Vessel from Ninevite V Culture

This pottery vessel was found at Nineveh, Iraq. The surface is decorated with different geometric motifs and shapes. Ninevite V period/culture of Upper Mesopotamia, c. 2900-2600 BCE. On display at the Iraq Museum in Baghdad.
Holy Roman Empire
Definition by Simon Duits

Holy Roman Empire

The Holy Roman Empire officially lasted from 962 to 1806. It was one of Europe’s largest medieval and early modern states, but its power base was unstable and continually shifting. The Holy Roman Empire was not a unitary state, but a confederation...
Portrait Vessel, Moche Culture
Image by Caroline Cervera

Portrait Vessel, Moche Culture

This portrait vessel was made during the Moche civilization's Apogee Epoch (c. 1 CE - 800 CE). House in Museo Larco, Lima, Peru.
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