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Roman Household Spirits: Manes, Panes and Lares
To the ancient Romans, everything was imbued with a divine spirit (numen, plural: numina) which gave it life. Even supposedly inanimate objects like rocks and trees possessed a numen, a belief which no doubt grew out of the early religious...

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The Literary Development of the Arthurian Legend
The Arthurian legend begins with the Welsh cleric Geoffrey of Monmouth (c. 1100 - c. 1155 CE). Earlier history writers such as Gildas, Bede, and Nennius had already established the existence of a British war-chief who defeated the Saxons...

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Louis IX and Capetian Politics at Paris' Sainte-Chapelle
The Sainte-Chapelle in Paris was originally consecrated as a private royal chapel in 1248 during the reign of King Louis IX of France (r. 1226-1270), who was known in life as rex christianissimus ('most Christian king') and canonized in death...

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The Temple of Olympian Zeus, Athens
The Temple of Olympian Zeus, Athens. Completed 131 CE.

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Workers Dismantling Semna West temple
3500 years after its construction, the temple of the fortress of Semna West was dismantled in 1964 to be rebuilt in the gardens of the new Khartoum museum.
Semna West, Sudan (1964)

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Etruscan Tomb Paintings
The Etruscans flourished in central Italy from the 8th to 3rd century BCE, and one of their greatest legacies is the beautifully painted tombs found in many of their important towns. Tarquinia, Cerveteri, Chiusi, and Vulci, in particular...

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The Heroon of Trysa: A Lycian Tomb Reappears
The Heroon of Trysa was the tomb of a powerful Lycian dynast surrounded by a precinct wall covered with remarkable mythological friezes. It was discovered in 1841 CE when a Polish-Prussian school teacher and classical philologist, Julius...

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Berengar II of Italy’s Submission to Otto the Great
Berengar II (r. 950–961) of Italy submits to Otto I, Holy Roman Emperor (962-973), labelled here as Teutonicorum rex, or King of the Germans, in 964. From the Chronicle of Bishop Otto of Freising (Manuscriptum Mediolanense), unknown artist...