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Esau & Jacob by Ghiberti
Esau & Jacob on Lorenzo Ghiberti's Doors of Paradise for the Baptistry, made between 1420 and 1447 with assistance from Lucca della Robbia, Donatello, Michelozzo, Benozzo Gozzoli, Bernardo Cennini, and two of Ghiberti's sons. Museo dell'Opera...

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Swaddled Infant Votive
Swaddled infant votive from the sanctuary of Peciano near Cortona, 3rd-2nd century BCE.
Museo dell'Accademia Etrusca e della città di Cortona.

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Florentine Pieta
Nicodemus' head, detail of The Deposition (also known as the Florentine Pieta), a marble sculpture by Michelangelo, 1547-1555.
Museo dell'Opera del Duomo, Florence.
Photo: George Groutas

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South Side, Ara Pacis
The Ara Pacis Augustae or Altar of the Augustan Peace in Rome (south entrance). Built to celebrate the return of Augustus to Rome in 13 BCE following campaigns in Spain and Gaul, it is a masterpiece of Roman sculpture and, in particular...

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Etruscan-Corinthian Cup with the Gorgon Medusa
Etruscan-Corinthian Cotyla cup with the image of the Gorgon Medusa, from Pontecagnano, beginning 6th century BCE. Museo Nazionale dell' Agro Picentino (inv. 35272). Photo taken at the "Fantastic Creatures of Fear and Myth" exhibition in...

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Pope Boniface VIII
Pope Boniface VIII (served 1294-1303 CE). Statue by Arnolfo di Cambio, c. 1298 CE.
Museo dell'Opera, Florence.

Article
The Changing Interpretation of the Spanish Conquest in the Americas
The fall in 1519 of Tenochtitlan, the capital of the Mexica or Aztec Empire, as it was later called, laid the foundation for the Spanish colonial empire on the North American mainland. It was the first time that Europeans had subjugated a...

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Marian Reforms
The Marian Reforms were a set of the reforms introduced to the Roman army in the late 2nd century BCE by Roman general and politician Gaius Marius (157-86 BCE). Through these reforms, the Roman army was transformed from a semi-professional...

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Native American Enslavement in Colonial America
Slavery was practiced by the Native Americans before any Europeans arrived in the region. People of one tribe could be taken by another for a variety of reasons but, whatever the reason, it was understood that the enslaved had done something...

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The Capture of the Treasure Ship Madre de Deus
The treasure ship Madre de Deus (aka Madre de Dios) was a Portuguese vessel carrying hugely valuable cargo from the East Indies which was attacked and captured by a fleet of English privateers in the Azores in September 1592 CE. The ship...