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Six Great Heresies of the Middle Ages
The medieval Church established its monopoly over the spiritual life of Europeans in the Early Middle Ages (c. 476-1000) and consolidated that power throughout the High Middle Ages (1000-1300) and Late Middle Ages (1300-1500). Along the way...

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John Calvin
John Calvin (l. 1509-1564) was a French Reformer, pastor, and theologian considered among the greatest of the Protestant Reformation along with Martin Luther (l. 1483-1546) and Huldrych Zwingli (l. 1484-1531). Calvin synthesized the differing...

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God and Goddess from Mesopotamia
The upper halves of terracotta plaques, depicting a male figure (on the left, who has a long beard) and a female figure (on the right, with bare breast) wearing a horned headdress (symbol of divinity) and appearing to hold a long bar in both...

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Conflict Between the Temple and the Crown in Ancient Egypt
The gods of ancient Egypt were worshipped as the creators and sustainers of all life. People acknowledged their supremacy and intimacy daily through rituals, amulets, and their labor for the king. Everyone, from farmers to craftsmen to merchants...

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God Adad
In this partially survived terracotta plaque, the god Adad stands on the back of a bull. Adad was the God of weather, hurricanes, storms, thunder, and rain. From Mesopotamia, modern-day Iraq. Old-Babylonian period, 2000-1500 BCE. The Sulaimaniya...

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Ziggurat Consecrated to God Inshushinak at Choqa Zanbil
Ziggurat at Chogha Zanbil consecrated to the God Inshushinak. Inshushinak was one of the most important Elamite deities, worshipped in Susa and Khuzestan region during the Middle Elamite Period.

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God Surrounded by Seraphim
God surrounded by seraphim, illustration from the illuminated manuscript Petites Heures of Jean de France, Duc de Berry, 14th-century.
Bibliothèque nationale de France, Paris.

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The Origin of Satan
Satan, or the Devil, is one of the best-known characters in the Western traditions of Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. Surprisingly, this entity was a late-comer in the ancient world. Satan, as a totally evil being, is nowhere to be found...

Definition
Ten Commandments
The Ten Commandments introduce the legislation received by Moses on Mt. Sinai after the Israelites escaped from Egypt (as related in the biblical book of Exodus). The "ten commandments" is often used as shorthand for the basic rules that...

Definition
Yazidism
Yazidism is a syncretic, monotheistic religion practiced by the Yazidis, an ethnoreligious group which resides primarily in northern Iraq, northern Syria, and southeastern Turkey. Yazidism is considered by its adherents to be the oldest religion...