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Definition
Battle of Immae
The Battle of Immae (272 CE) was fought between the forces of the Roman emperor Aurelian (270-275 CE) and those of the Palmyrene Empire of Zenobia (267-273 CE) resulting in a Roman victory and, ultimately, the capture of Zenobia and an end...

Image
Battle of Immae
Artist's impression of the Battle of Immae (272 CE), between Roman forces led by Emperor Aurelian (270-275 CE) and Palmyrene forces led by Queen Zenobia (r. 267-273 CE). The battle resulted in a Roman victory and the conquest of Antioch.

Definition
Zenobia
Zenobia (b. c. 240 CE, death date unknown) was the queen of the Palmyrene Empire who challenged the authority of Rome during the latter part of the period of Roman history known as The Crisis of the Third Century (235-284 CE also known as...

Definition
Aurelian
Aurelian was Roman emperor from 270 to 275 CE. He was one of the so-called Barracks Emperors, chosen by the Roman army during the turbulent period known as the Crisis of the Third Century (235-284 CE). Besides victories against various invading...

Article
Enemies of Rome in the 3rd Century CE
It has been said that the greatest enemy of Rome was Rome itself, and this is certainly true of the period known as the Crisis of the Third Century (also known as the Imperial Crisis, 235-284 CE). During this time of almost 50 years, over...

Definition
The Barracks Emperors
The “Barracks Emperors” is a term coined by later historians referring to the Roman emperors who were chosen and supported by the army during the period known as the Crisis of the Third Century (also known as the Imperial Crisis, 235-284...

Definition
The Crisis of the Third Century
The Crisis of the Third Century (also known as the Imperial Crisis, 235-284 CE) was the period in the history of the Roman Empire during which it splintered into three separate political entities: the Gallic Empire, the Roman Empire, and...

Article
Zenobia's Rebellion in the Historia Augusta
The Historia Augusta (Great History) is a Latin work of the 4th century CE that chronicles the lives of Roman emperors from 117-285 CE. Among the many stories related is the history of Zenobia of Palmyra and her challenge to Roman authority...

Lesson Pack
Roman Warfare & Battles
We have prepared five lesson plans including classroom activities, assignments, homework, and keys as well as: Multiple choice quiz questions in an excel format Glossary of keywords and concepts in an excel format Open questions adaptable...

Video
The Warrior Queen Zenobia of the Palmyrene Empire
The warrior queen Zenobia of the Palmyrene Empire ruled her kingdom for three years until the Roman Emperor Aurelian stopped her in her tracks. The Palmyrene Empire was an empire that broke away from the Roman Empire during the instability...