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Gula
Definition by Joshua J. Mark

Gula

Gula (also known as Ninkarrak) is the Sumerian goddess of healing and patroness of doctors, healing arts, and medical practices. She is first attested to in the Ur III Period (2047-1750 BCE) where she is referenced as a great goddess of health...
Gula
Image by The Trustees of the British Museum

Gula

Impression of a Babylonian blue chalcedony conical stamp seal from c. 700-550 BCE. On the base, beneath a crescent, a worshipper in a fringed robe stands facing the goddess of healing, Gula, who sits on her star-studded throne which...
Terracotta Plaque Dedicated to Gula
Image by Osama Shukir Muhammed Amin

Terracotta Plaque Dedicated to Gula

This fragment was part of a large terracotta plaque which depicts a bull in front of a tree. The cuneiform inscriptions on the bull's thigh mention that the plaque was dedicated by a man named Sin-Eriba to Gula, goddess of healing. From Mesopotamia...
Ninurta
Definition by Joshua J. Mark

Ninurta

Ninurta (identified with Ningirsu, Pabilsag, and the biblical Nimrod) is the Sumerian and Akkadian hero-god of war, hunting, and the south wind. He first appears in texts in the early 3rd millennium BCE as an agricultural god and local deity...
Dogs & Their Collars in Ancient Mesopotamia
Article by Joshua J. Mark

Dogs & Their Collars in Ancient Mesopotamia

Among the many contributions to world culture credited to Mesopotamia is an object so familiar to people in the modern world that few pause to consider its origin: the dog collar. Throughout the ancient world, from China to Rome, dogs are...
The Mesopotamian Pantheon
Article by Joshua J. Mark

The Mesopotamian Pantheon

The gods of the Mesopotamian region were not uniform in name, power, provenance or status in the hierarchy. Mesopotamian culture varied from region to region and, because of this, Marduk should not be regarded as King of the Gods in the same...
Medicine in Ancient Mesopotamia
Article by Joshua J. Mark

Medicine in Ancient Mesopotamia

In ancient Mesopotamia, the gods informed every aspect of daily life including the practice of medicine. Gula, the Sumerian goddess of healing, presided over the medical arts, guiding doctors and dentists in the treatment of health problems...
The Nimrud Dogs
Article by Joshua J. Mark

The Nimrud Dogs

The Nimrud Dogs, five canine figurines found at the ancient Mesopotamian city of Nimrud, were only a few of the many startling finds in the region during the 19th century when expeditions were sent to corroborate biblical narratives through...
Pazuzu
Definition by Joshua J. Mark

Pazuzu

Pazuzu is an Assyrian/Babylonian demonic god who was most popular in the first millenium BCE. He was the son of Hanbi (also Hanba), king of the demons of the underworld, and brother to Humbaba, the demon-god protector of the Cedar Forest...
Mesopotamian Science and Technology
Definition by Joshua J. Mark

Mesopotamian Science and Technology

Mesopotamian science and technology developed during the Uruk Period (4100-2900 BCE) and Early Dynastic Period (2900-1750 BCE) of the Sumerian culture of southern Mesopotamia. The foundation of future Mesopotamian advances in scientific/technological...
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