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Munich Agreement
Definition by Mark Cartwright

Munich Agreement

The Munich Agreement, signed on 30 September 1938 at the Munich Conference attended by the leaders of Britain, France, Italy, and Germany, handed over the Sudetenland of Czechoslovakia to Germany in the hope that this act of appeasement would...
Chamberlain after the Munich Agreement
Image by Imperial War Museums

Chamberlain after the Munich Agreement

A photograph showing the British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain (1869-1940) arriving at Heston airport after the Munich Agreement of September 1938. Chamberlain is waving a paper signed by Adolf Hitler (1889-1945) promising Britain and...
Chamberlain, Daladier, Hitler, & Mussolini, Munich 1938
Image by Bundesarchiv, Bild 183-R69173

Chamberlain, Daladier, Hitler, & Mussolini, Munich 1938

A photograph showing (left to right) Neville Chamberlain, Édouard Daladier, Adolf Hitler, and Benito Mussolini, the leaders of Britain, France, Germany, and Italy, respectively. They are about to sign the Munich Agreement of September 1938...
Hitler's Occupation of Czechoslovakia
Article by Mark Cartwright

Hitler's Occupation of Czechoslovakia

Throughout 1938, Adolf Hitler (1889-1945), the leader of Nazi Germany, threatened to occupy the Sudetenland region of Czechoslovakia. The excuse presented was that Sudeten Germans were being repressed but Hitler was intent on creating a 'Greater...
Nazi-Soviet Pact
Definition by Mark Cartwright

Nazi-Soviet Pact

The Nazi-Soviet Pact, also called the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact after the respective foreign ministers of the USSR and Germany, was a non-aggression agreement signed in August 1939. The pact allowed the leader of Nazi Germany Adolf Hitler (1889-1945...
Beer Hall Putsch
Definition by Mark Cartwright

Beer Hall Putsch

The Beer Hall Putsch or Munich Putsch was a failed attempt by the German National Socialist (Nazi) Party to seize power, first of the Bavarian and then the German federal government on 8-9 November 1923. The coup, led by Adolf Hitler (1889-1945...
Demotic Embalmer's Agreement
Image by Osama Shukir Muhammed Amin

Demotic Embalmer's Agreement

This document contains an agreement between one group of lector-priests of the necropolis of To-ankh at Asyut, and another group, defining which persons were to be employed in the ceremonies of mummification, and what materials were to be...
Nazi Paramilitary, Munich, 1923
Image by Bundesarchiv, Bild 119-1486

Nazi Paramilitary, Munich, 1923

A photograph showing members of the Nazi paramilitary during the failed Beer Hall Putsch in Munich in November 1923. (German Federal Archives)
Ruined Ohel Yaakov Synagogue, Munich
Image by Unknown Photographer

Ruined Ohel Yaakov Synagogue, Munich

A 1938 photograph of the ruined Ohel Yaakov synagogue in Munich, Germany. The Nazis orchestrated Kristallnacht (‘Night of Broken Glass’), an attack on Jews and Jewish property across Germany and Austria on 9-10 November, 1938, and followed...
Night of the Long Knives
Definition by Mark Cartwright

Night of the Long Knives

The Night of the Long Knives (aka Blood Purge or Röhm-Putsch) of 30 June 1934 was a purge of the Nazi Sturmabteilung (SA) paramilitary group which continued through 1 and 2 July. Adolf Hitler (1889-1945), wary of the growing power of the...
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