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Sir Walter Raleigh by Hilliard
A portrait by Nicholas Hilliard of Sir Walter Raleigh (c. 1552-1618 CE), the English courtier, soldier, mariner, explorer and historian. (National Portrait Gallery, London)

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Francis Drake by Hilliard
A c. 1581 CE portrait by Nicholas Hilliard of the English mariner, privateer and explorer Sir Francis Drake (c. 1540-1596 CE).

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Robert Guiscard with Pope Nicholas II
Robert Guiscard (c. 1015-1085) is proclaimed Duke of Apulia, Calabria, and Sicily by Pope Nicholas II, illustration from the Nuova Cronica of Giovanni Villani, 14th century.

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Chain Tower and Saint Nicholas Tower
Chain Tower and Saint Nicholas Tower, La Rochelle, France.

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Elizabeth I & the Power of Image
Aware of the power of appearances, Elizabeth I of England (r. 1558-1603 CE) carefully controlled her image throughout her reign and through costume, hair, jewellery, and art, she presented herself as the great Virgin Queen. Like a goddess...

Definition
The Canterbury Tales
The Canterbury Tales (written c. 1388-1400 CE) is a medieval literary work by the poet Geoffrey Chaucer (l. c. 1343-1400 CE) comprised of 24 tales related to a number of literary genres and touching on subjects ranging from fate to God's...

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How Christmas Was Shaped by 19th-Century Literature
How we celebrate Christmas today is largely shaped by a small group of authors who recorded festive traditions in the 19th century. These authors include Washington Irving (1783-1859), Clement Clarke Moore (1779-1863), and Charles Dickens...

Definition
Despotate of Epirus
The Despotate of Epirus was one of the successor states of the Byzantine Empire when it disintegrated following the Fourth Crusade's capture of Constantinople in 1204 CE. It was originally the most successful of those successor states, coming...

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Children's Crusade
The so-called Children's Crusade of 1212 CE, was a popular, double religious movement led by a French youth, Stephen of Cloyes, and a German boy, Nicholas of Cologne, who gathered two armies of perhaps 20,000 children, adolescents, and adults...

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Henry III of France
Henry III of France (r. 1574-1589), oil on canvas by Nicholas Hilliard, c. 1576-78.
Private Collection.