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Battle of Britain
Definition by Mark Cartwright

Battle of Britain

The Battle of Britain, dated 10 July to 31 October, 1940 by the UK Air Ministry, was an air battle between the German Luftwaffe and British Royal Air Force and allies during the Second World War (1939-45). The Luftwaffe failed to achieve...
Allied Bombing of Germany
Article by Mark Cartwright

Allied Bombing of Germany

The Allied strategic bombing of Germany during World War II (1939-45) involved British and U.S. bomber planes attacking industrial cities, factories, railways, airfields, and dams. Over 600,000 civilians died as a consequence. The campaign...
RAF Bomber Target Indicators, Hamburg
Image by RAF Photographer

RAF Bomber Target Indicators, Hamburg

A shower of target indicators (TIs) dropped during the RAF bombing raids of the German city of Hamburg in July-August 1943. The raid caused a firestorm which killed over 44,000 civilians. (Imperial War Museums Collection)
Supermarine Spitfire
Definition by Mark Cartwright

Supermarine Spitfire

The Supermarine Spitfire was a single-seater fighter plane, one of the most important aircraft of the Second World War (1939-45). Employed by the Royal Air Force in such crucial encounters as the Battle of Britain in the summer of 1940, the...
Operation Gomorrah
Definition by Mark Cartwright

Operation Gomorrah

Operation Gomorrah (aka the Battle of Hamburg or Hamburg Air Offensive) was a sustained area bombing campaign of the German port of Hamburg in four night attacks by the Royal Air Force and two daytime attacks by the United States Air Force...
RAF Spitfire
Image by Airwolfhound

RAF Spitfire

A Supermarine Spitfire at the Season Premiere Airshow in 2018. The Spitfire was first built for use by the RAF in the 1930s and was a crucial fighter in the Battle of Britain in the summer of 1940.
RAF in Egypt, 1942
Image by Imperial War Museums

RAF in Egypt, 1942

A 1942 photograph showing a British RAF Lockheed Hudson flying over the Egyptian pyramids during the North Africa Campaign of the Second World War (1939-45). (Imperial War Museums)
RAF Reconnaissance during the Dunkirk Evacuation
Image by Imperial War Museums

RAF Reconnaissance during the Dunkirk Evacuation

An RAF Lockheed Hudson conducting reconnaissance during the Dunkirk evacuation of May-June 1940. The smoke is coming from the damaged oil refinery near the port. (Imperial War Museums)
Dowding System
Definition by Mark Cartwright

Dowding System

Britain's integrated air defence system in the Second World War (1939-45), known as the Dowding System after the air chief marshal of that name, included code-breakers, radar stations, observers, searchlights, barrage balloons, anti-aircraft...
Battle of the Ruhr
Article by Mark Cartwright

Battle of the Ruhr

The Battle of the Ruhr or the Ruhr Air Offensive (March-July 1943) was a sustained bombing campaign by the British and the United States air forces against the industrial heartland of Germany during the Second World War (1939-45). The offensive...
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