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Baruch Spinoza
Definition by Mark Cartwright

Baruch Spinoza

Baruch Spinoza (1632-1677) was a Dutch philosopher who combined rationalism and metaphysics to create a unique system of thought. Spinoza was held up as an atheist philosopher in the 18th century, but this is not an entirely accurate representation...
Grave of Baruch Spinoza
Image by Roel Wijnants

Grave of Baruch Spinoza

The grave of the Dutch philosopher Baruch Spinoza (1632-1677) at the Nieuwe Kerk in The Hague, Netherlands.
Baruch Spinoza, Rijksmuseum
Image by Unknown Artist

Baruch Spinoza, Rijksmuseum

A posthumous portrait lithographic print of the Dutch philosopher Baruch Spinoza (1632-1677). (Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam)
Samuel
Definition by Patrick Scott Smith, M. A.

Samuel

Samuel is a character in the Hebrew Bible and the Old Testament, uniquely depicted as having served several roles, as judge, military leader, seer, prophet, kingmaker, priestly official, and loyal servant of Yahweh. He is traditionally thought...
Old Testament Pseudepigrapha
Article by William Brown

Old Testament Pseudepigrapha

The Old Testament Pseudepigrapha are the non-canonical writings of Judaism and Christianity ranging from the 5th century BCE to the 9th century CE. Pseudepigrapha comes from a Greek noun denoting writings with a false superscription or name...
Euclid
Definition by N.S. Palmer

Euclid

Euclid of Alexandria (lived c. 300 BCE) systematized ancient Greek and Near Eastern mathematics and geometry. He wrote The Elements, the most widely used mathematics and geometry textbook in history. Older books sometimes confuse him with...
Portrait of Spinoza
Image by Unknown Artist

Portrait of Spinoza

A c. 1665 portrait of the Dutch philosopher Baruch Spinoza (1632-1677). (Herzog August Library, Wolfenbüttel, Germany)
Excommunicated Spinoza
Image by Samuel Hirszenberg

Excommunicated Spinoza

An early 20th-century painting by Samuel Hirszenberg of the Dutch philosopher Baruch Spinoza (1632-1677) illustrating his excomunication by the Jewish community in Amsterdam around 1656 for his radical views.
Ark of the Covenant
Definition by Rebecca Denova

Ark of the Covenant

The Ark of the Covenant refers to the box-like container that held the tablets of the Law received by Moses on Mount Sinai. Tradition claimed that it contained two stone tablets, carved by God, listing the first ten commandments given to...
The Enlightenment
Definition by Mark Cartwright

The Enlightenment

The Enlightenment (Age of Reason) was a revolution in thought in Europe and North America from the late 17th century to the late 18th century. The Enlightenment involved new approaches in philosophy, science, and politics. Above all, the...
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