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Dmitry Grigorevich Pavlov
General Dmitry Grigorevich Pavlov (1897-1941) in 1938. Pavlov commanded the Red Army on the Soviet Western Front during Operation Barbarossa in the Second World War (1939-45). (German Federal Archives)

Definition
Kremlin
The Kremlin is a fortified complex located in the centre of Moscow, Russia, which is made up of towers, high walls, palaces, and cathedrals. Construction of the Kremlin began as early as the 12th century. As one of Russia's most famous landmarks...

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Portrait of Denis Diderot (1773)
An oil-on-canvas portrait by the Russian painter, Dmitry Grigorievich Levitzky of the French Philosopher, Denis Diderot (1713-1784). It was painted in 1773.

Definition
Tsar
Tsar (also czar) is a Slavic term derived from the Latin caesar. Ivan III (Ivan the Great) (r. 1462-1505) was the first Russian ruler to begin using the title of tsar during his reign instead of the title Grand Prince of Moscow. His grandson...

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How the Normans Changed the History of Europe
Check out our Patreon page: https://www.patreon.com/teded View full lesson: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/how-the-normans-changed-the-history-of-europe-mark-robinson In the year 1066, 7,000 Norman infantry and knights sailed in warships...

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A Day in the Life of an Aztec Midwife
Join the Aztec midwife Xoquauhtli as she tends to her patients and honors the warrior goddess Teteoinnan at a festival ushering in the season of warfare. — The midwife Xoquauhtli has a difficult choice to make. She owes a debt to her...

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Battle of Białystok-Minsk
The Battle of Białystok-Minsk in Jun-Jul 1941, which involved the encirclement of entire Soviet armies positioned near each city in Poland and Belarus, respectively, was one of the first victories by Nazi Germany and its Axis allies against...

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Battle of Smolensk in 1941
The Battle of Smolensk in 1941 ended in victory for Nazi Germany and its Axis allies against the USSR's Red Army during Operation Barbarossa in the Second World War (1939-45). Smolensk on the Dnieper (Dnepr/Dnipro) river was the traditional...

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Siege of Sevastopol in 1941-2
The siege of Sevastopol (Oct 41 to Jul 42) was an attack by Axis forces on the base of the USSR's Black Sea Fleet during Operation Barbarossa of the Second World War (1939-45). Sevastopol (aka Sebastopol) had one of the world's strongest...

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Colossal Statue of Amenhotep IV
Colossal sandstone statue of Amenhotep IV, known as Akhenaten from the 5th year of his reign.
Karnak, Amarna Period, 18th Dynasty.