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Definition
Foundation Decree of Cyrene
The Foundation Decree of Cyrene (c. 322 BCE) is a covenant between the citizens of Cyrene in North Africa in the 4th century BCE and those of their mother-state of Thera granting any who wish to become Cyrenean citizens the same rights and...

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Decree of Themistocles (or Troezen)
The Decree of Themistocles, also known as the Decree of Troezen, which describes details of the Battle of Salamis in 480 BCE. The tablet itself is dated to the 3rd century BCE and is a copy of a 5th century BCE papyrus text. (National Archaeological...

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Dahshur Decree of Pepi I
This is a detail of a large limestone fragment which came from the pyramid complex of the Egyptian pharaoh Sneferu (r. 2613 to 2589 BCE) of the 4th Dynasty of Egypt. This is one of the very few and important legal texts from the Old Kingdom...

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The Berlin Decree, Pages 2 and 3
Pages 2 and 3 of the Berlin Decree, signed 21 November 1806 by Emperor Napoleon I that kicked off the Continental System embargo on British trade.

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The Greek Strategy at the Battle of Salamis 480 BCE
The history of the second Persian war as presented in most of the modern literature is solely based on Herodotus' Histories. However, Herodotus' narration seems to contain several unrealistic elements which raise doubts about the actual strategy...

Definition
Reichstag Fire
The Reichstag fire of 27 February 1933 was a possible arson attack on the German parliament building. The fire was blamed on a communist anarchist Marinus van der Lubbe (1909-1934), but it may have been the work of the Nazi party's paramilitary...

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The Delian League, Part 2: From Eurymedon to the Thirty Years Peace (465/4-445/4 BCE)
This text is part of an article series on the Delian League. The second phase of the Delian League's operations begins with the Hellenic victory over Mede forces at Eurymedon and ends with the Thirty Years Peace between Athens and Sparta...

Definition
Continental System
The Continental System was a major blockade of British trade imposed by French Emperor Napoleon I from 21 November 1806 to 11 April 1814. It was designed to cripple the British economy, thereby forcing Britain out of the Napoleonic Wars (1803-1815...

Definition
Peloponnesian War
The Peloponnesian War between Athens and Sparta and their respective allies came in two stages: from c. 460 to 446 and from 431 to 404 BCE. With battles at home and abroad, the long and complex conflict was damaging to both sides. Sparta...

Definition
The Edicts of Ashoka the Great
The Edicts of Ashoka are 33 inscriptions engraved on pillars, large stones, and cave walls by Ashoka the Great (r. 268-232 BCE), the third king of the Mauryan Empire (322-185 BCE) of India. One set, the so-called Major Rock Edicts, are consistent...